Harold Gillies, pioneer of modern plastic surgery, and Donald Morton, pioneer of modern surgical oncology: Master problem-solvers and surgical role models.

Harold Gillies, plastic surgeon, and Donald Morton, surgical oncologist, were iconic pioneers in their respective fields. Both of them made their mark by identifying crucial practical problems and finding innovative ways of solving them. Gillies grappled with the challenge of restoring form and function to British military personnel injured in World War I, and he set up a dedicated facility for performing this work. He introduced many new reconstructive techniques that became the foundation of the modern specialty of plastic and reconstructive surgery, which he established and nurtured. Morton, in the United States, applied his problem-solving skills to the long-debated question of the best way to manage regional lymph nodes in patients with melanoma. He developed the innovative technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy and initiated large-scale international clinical trials to establish its validity and clinical value. This and other important contributions to the emerging field of surgical oncology earned Morton his reputation as a pioneer and leader of that specialty. The problems that confronted Gillies and Morton were completely different, but both demonstrated remarkable skills as master problem-solvers in their respective fields and made extraordinary contributions to the body of knowledge and welfare of patients. All surgeons must be problem-solvers because every patient who presents for surgical management represents a new problem (or set of problems) to be addressed. As surgeons, we would do well to consider individuals such as Gillies and Morton as role models for our own problem-solving activities in day-to-day clinical practice.