The presence of in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy specimens is associated with increased mucosal thickness, presence of secondary follicles, increased chronic inflammation, and intestinal metaplasia.

Helicobacter pylori is putatively present in over half of the global human population and is recognized as a carcinogenic agent that increases the likelihood of infected patients developing gastric adenocarcinoma or gastric lymphoma. Although there are several means for testing for , the gold standard remains the invasive histologic evaluation. The current most popular form of bariatric surgery is the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and is the only bariatric surgery which supplies a specimen for histologic evaluation. While non-invasive testing is effective in diagnosing and monitoring infection, histological examination of biopsies and resections is the only way to grade chronic inflammation and evaluate specimens for additional pathologies such as intestinal metaplasia. The investigators evaluated 203 sequential LSG specimens collected from a major metropolitan hospital over the period of one year. Specimens were processed to paraffin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue, and immunohistochemistry to determine the presence of , chronic inflammation, presence of secondary lymphoid follicles in the mucosa, mucosal thickness, and presence of intestinal metaplasia. Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant positive correlation among all factors examined. The overall positivity rate of in LSG specimens was 18.2% but ranged from 6.9-23.8% depending on whether the treating clinician performed routine pre-surgical endoscopy. The presence of was associated with a higher average chronic inflammation grade, intestinal metaplasia, thicker mucosa, and presence of lymphoid follicles with germinal centers in the mucosa.