Following Natural Autoantibodies: Further Immunoserological Evidence Regarding Their Silent Plasticity and Engagement in Immune Activation.

Contradictory reports are available on vaccine-associated hyperstimulation of the immune system, provoking the formation of pathological autoantibodies. Despite being interconnected within the same network, the role of the quieter, yet important non-pathological and natural autoantibodies (nAAbs) is less defined. We hypothesize that upon a prompt immunological trigger, physiological nAAbs also exhibit a moderate plasticity. We investigated their inducibility through aged and recent antigenic triggers. Anti-viral antibodies (anti-MMR n = 1739 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG n = 330) and nAAbs (anti-citrate synthase IgG, IgM n = 1739) were measured by in-house and commercial ELISAs using Croatian (Osijek) anonymous samples with documented vaccination backgrounds. The results were subsequently compared for statistical evaluation. Interestingly, the IgM isotype nAAb showed a statistically significant connection with anti-MMR IgG seropositivity ( < 0.001 in all cases), while IgG isotype nAAb levels were elevated in association with anti-SARS CoV-2 specific seropositivity ( = 0.019) and in heterogeneous vaccine regimen recipients (unvaccinated controls vector/mRNA vaccines = 0.002). Increasing evidence supports the interplay between immune activation and the dynamic expansion of nAAbs. Consequently, further questions may emerge regarding the ability of nAAbs silently shaping the effectiveness of immunization. We suggest re-evaluating the impact of nAAbs on the complex functioning of the immunological network.