Deterioration of mild anxiety and depression with Better Access treatment: implications for scaling up psychotherapy worldwide.

The Australian Medicare Better Access initiative in mental health reached one in every 10 Australians in 2021 (more than 2.6 million people) with interventions targeted at mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression, provided by general practitioners, allied health professionals, and/or psychiatrists, at a cost of AUD1.2 billion. However, the overall mental health of the Australian population has not improved since the introduction of Better Access. The benefits of population-scale mental health interventions (medications and psychotherapies) might have been overestimated for milder conditions, and the iatrogenic potential underestimated. A recent evaluation of Better Access found that mild anxiety and depressive symptoms were threefold more likely to worsen (32%) rather than improve (10%). Better Access might be targeted more cost-effectively towards severe and complex conditions, for which treatment appears to have superior risk-benefit ratios. These findings have implications for similar initiatives worldwide, such as those proposed by the World Health Organization.