Lee V A, Lorenz K
CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1978;11(1):41-116. doi: 10.1080/10408397909527259.
The nutritional value of milk as an important source of energy, high-quality protein, calcium, and riboflavin has been recognized for many years. Currently, the widespread use and promotion of milk in the U.S. as well as developing countries has been questioned. This review examines the nutrient composition of dairy products, factors that account for variability in composition of milk, milk processing, preservation, quality control, and contaminants (such as minerals, radionuclides antibiotics, microorganisms and their metabolites, herbicides, and insecticides) in milk. Consumption patterns for milk and evidence for its nutritional value, especially in children, are presented. Milk consumption has been related to disease or conditions such as atherosclerosis, milk allergy, lactose intolerance, anemia, dental problems, and others. Recent recommendations for dietary changes for individuals in the U.S. and other developed countries could affect the use of milk. In addition, the use of feeding programs in the U.S. and developing countries which are based primarily on milk has been criticized. The preparation of new types of milk designed to offset certain difficulties encountered with cow's milk are now being evaluated in humans.
牛奶作为能量、优质蛋白质、钙和核黄素的重要来源，其营养价值多年来已得到认可。目前，美国以及发展中国家对牛奶的广泛使用和推广受到了质疑。本综述探讨了乳制品的营养成分、导致牛奶成分变异的因素、牛奶加工、保存、质量控制以及牛奶中的污染物（如矿物质、放射性核素、抗生素、微生物及其代谢产物、除草剂和杀虫剂）。介绍了牛奶的消费模式及其营养价值的证据，尤其是对儿童的营养价值。牛奶消费与动脉粥样硬化、牛奶过敏、乳糖不耐受、贫血、牙齿问题等疾病或状况有关。美国和其他发达国家近期针对个人饮食变化的建议可能会影响牛奶的使用。此外，美国和发展中国家主要基于牛奶的喂养计划也受到了批评。目前正在对旨在克服牛奶某些困难的新型牛奶进行人体评估。
