Yuan Shi-Jie, Wang Jing-Jing, Dong Bin, Dai Xiao-Hu
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Nov 14;57(45):17169-17177. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04203. Epub 2023 Oct 19.
Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials with graphene/graphene-like structures (BGS) have attracted tremendous attention in the field of environmental remediation. The introduction of graphene/graphene-like structures into raw biochars can effectively improve their properties, such as electrical conductivity, surface functional groups, and catalytic activity. In 2021, the International Organization for Standardization defined graphene as a "single layer of carbon atoms with each atom bound to three neighbours in a honeycomb structure". Considering this definition, several studies have incorrectly referred to BGS (e.g., biomass-derived few-layer graphene or porous graphene-like nanosheets) as "graphene". The definitions and classifications of BGS and their applications in environmental remediation have not been assessed critically thus far. Comprehensive analysis and sufficient and robust evidence are highly desired to accurately determine the specific structures of BGS. In this perspective, we provide a systematic framework to define and classify the BGS. The state-of-the-art methods currently used to determine the structural properties of BGS are scrutinized. We then discuss the design and fabrication of BGS and how their distinctive features could improve the applicability of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials, particularly in environmental remediation. The environmental applications of these BGS are highlighted, and future research opportunities and needs are identified. The fundamental insights in this perspective provide critical guidance for the further development of BGS for a wide range of environmental applications.
具有石墨烯/类石墨烯结构的生物质衍生碳质材料（BGS）在环境修复领域引起了极大关注。将石墨烯/类石墨烯结构引入原始生物炭中可以有效改善其性能，如导电性、表面官能团和催化活性。2021年，国际标准化组织将石墨烯定义为“具有蜂窝状结构，每个原子与三个相邻原子相连的单层碳原子”。基于这一定义，一些研究错误地将BGS（如生物质衍生的少层石墨烯或多孔类石墨烯纳米片）称为“石墨烯”。到目前为止，BGS的定义、分类及其在环境修复中的应用尚未得到严格评估。迫切需要进行全面分析并提供充分有力的证据来准确确定BGS的具体结构。从这个角度出发，我们提供了一个系统框架来定义和分类BGS。对目前用于确定BGS结构性质的先进方法进行了审查。然后，我们讨论了BGS的设计和制备，以及它们的独特特性如何提高生物质衍生碳质材料的适用性，特别是在环境修复方面。强调了这些BGS的环境应用，并确定了未来的研究机会和需求。这一观点中的基本见解为BGS在广泛环境应用中的进一步发展提供了关键指导。
