Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro, and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 20 Nowowiejska Street, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro, and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 20 Nowowiejska Street, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jan 10;907:167801. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167801. Epub 2023 Oct 18.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) aim to increase energy independence by intensifying biogas production. The study involved Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) comparing sewage sludge (SS) anaerobic co-digestion (AcD) with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) at WWTP against SS anaerobic mono-digestion (AD). The LCA was based on the authors' research showing that methane production related to wet mass in AcD was higher than in AD by 86.4, 225.8, and 354.3 % for SS:OFMSW mixing ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, respectively. The LCA was conducted for 1 kWh of biogas energy produced at a WWTP and included two subsystems: energy production (AD/AcD and CHP) and associated digestate management (drying, incineration with energy reuse, residual landfilling). CML-IA baseline 2013 and Recipe 2016 Midpoint (H) LCIA methodologies indicated the environmental impacts on abiotic depletion - fossil fuels (fossil resource scarcity), global warming, human toxicity (non-carcinogenic), freshwater, and marine aquatic ecotoxicity. AD of SS in all categories was characterized by the highest impact. The impact decreased with an increase in the OFMSW rate. Both methodologies showed a significant impact of AD and AcD on global warming, which indicated the need for the determination of the carbon footprint (CF) of 1kWh biogas energy production (gCO kWh) at WWTP, using IPCC 2021 GWP100 (incl. CO uptake). The CF was the highest for biogas energy production in SS AD (1509 gCO kWh) and it decreased with the increase of OFMSW content in AcD (872-481 gCO kWh). This was also observed for the management of associated digestate. CF changed from 1508 gCO kWh for SS AD to 396 gCO kWh for SS: OFMSW mixing ratio of 25: 75 in AcD. The environmental burdens associated with biogas energy production and digestate management were equally significant. Finally, the formula for economic and ecological comparison of SS AD and AcD with OFMSW was proposed.
污水处理厂(WWTP)旨在通过加强沼气生产来提高能源独立性。本研究通过生命周期评估(LCA)比较了 WWTP 中污水污泥(SS)的厌氧共消化(AcD)与城市固体废物(MSW)有机部分(OFMSW)的厌氧单消化(AD)。LCA 基于作者的研究,表明在 AcD 中与湿质量相关的甲烷产量比 AD 高 86.4%、225.8%和 354.3%,SS:OFMSW 的混合比例分别为 75:25、50:50 和 25:75。LCA 针对 WWTP 中每生产 1kWh 沼气能量进行,包括两个子系统:能源生产(AD/AcD 和 CHP)和相关消化物管理(干燥、焚烧与能量再利用、残余填埋)。CML-IA 基线 2013 和 Recipe 2016 中点(H)LCIA 方法表明,对非生物消耗-化石燃料(化石资源稀缺)、全球变暖、人类毒性(非致癌)、淡水和海洋水生生态毒性的环境影响。在所有类别中,SS 的 AD 特征为最高影响。随着 OFMSW 率的增加,影响会降低。两种方法都表明 AD 和 AcD 对全球变暖有重大影响,这表明需要确定 WWTP 每生产 1kWh 沼气能量的碳足迹(CF)(gCO kWh),使用 IPCC 2021 GWP100(包括 CO 吸收)。对于 SS AD 中的沼气能量生产,CF 最高(1509gCO kWh),随着 AcD 中 OFMSW 含量的增加,CF 降低(872-481gCO kWh)。在相关消化物管理中也观察到了这种情况。CF 从 SS AD 的 1508gCO kWh 变为 AcD 中 SS:OFMSW 混合比为 25:75 时的 396gCO kWh。沼气能量生产和消化物管理相关的环境负担同样重要。最后,提出了 SS AD 和 AcD 与 OFMSW 进行经济和生态比较的公式。