The use of sodium MRI in the diagnosis of an anaplastic astrocytoma during immunotherapy: a case report.

Gliomas in the pediatric population are targeted with immune-modulating therapies. The gold standard imaging modality for diagnosis and monitoring treatment response is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); however, the complex post-therapy-induced changes can make treatment response assessment difficult. These include radiation necrosis, pseudoresponse, and pseudoprogression, as well as more complex responses in the setting of immunotherapy. We report a case of an 11-year-old male with a supratentorial astrocytoma (WHO grade 3) that underwent treatment with immunotherapy. There was a clinical concern for progression due to increased fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity at the site of the primary neoplasm during immunotherapy. However, the Sodium (Na) MRI continued demonstrating decreased total sodium concentrations, supporting pseudoprogression over true progression, which was confirmed clinicaly. This case reports the capability of Na MRI to differentiate between progression, recurrence, and other posttreatment changes.