Cancers are quite common, but mostly very serious diseases and therefore belong to the most important areas of scientific research activity. Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies, it is a heterogeneous disease with significant diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems. It represents a disease with a variable course and a different response to therapy. The "conventional" prognostic markers used so far cannot reliably predict the natural course of the disease or estimate the tumor response to the chosen type of treatment. Molecular markers can provide us with the opportunity to diagnose a bladder tumor early, identify patients who are at risk of recurrence, or predict how tumors will respond to therapeutic approaches. As a result, diagnostics are found to help clinicians find the best therapeutic options for patients with bladder cancer. In this study, we focused on a brief description of potential molecular markers in bladder tumors in the context of precise diagnostics. Last but not least, we also focused on a new approach to the treatment of cancer using nanomaterials.