Bratu Ovidiu, Marcu Dragos, Anghel Radu, Spinu Dan, Iorga Lucian, Balescu Irina, Bacalbasa Nicolae, Diaconu Camelia, Savu Cornel, Savu Carmen, Cherciu Alexandru
Department of Urology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
Department of Urology, University Emergency Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.
Exp Ther Med. 2021 Jul;22(1):773. doi: 10.3892/etm.2021.10205. Epub 2021 May 18.
Bladder tumors are frequently diagnosed urologic malignant diseases with an extremely high recurrence rate compared to other neoplastic tumors. Urothelial bladder carcinomas are mostly identified in their incipient form, as non-muscle invasive, but despite that, a third of them develop into aggressive recurrent disease. The diagnosis of bladder carcinoma at this moment is established using cytology and cystoscopy and is a great challenge for clinicians due to the lack of sensitivity. Urinary biomarkers could improve and enhance the diagnosis and screening techniques and determine a more accurate recurrence rate. However, bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease and the existence of a single marker test with reduced cost is unlikely; thus, until then, the use of a panel of markers to obtain valuable information is inevitable even though suboptimal for use. To improve this deadlock, new biomarker panels should be identified and prepared to equalize the cost-efficiency balance. The present paper is a literature review concerning the most commonly used tumor markers in urinary bladder cancer as well as the most commonly encountered genetic modifications in such patients.
膀胱肿瘤是常见的泌尿系统恶性疾病，与其他肿瘤相比，其复发率极高。膀胱尿路上皮癌大多在早期被发现，为非肌层浸润性，但即便如此，其中三分之一会发展为侵袭性复发性疾病。目前膀胱癌的诊断采用细胞学和膀胱镜检查，由于缺乏敏感性，这对临床医生来说是一项巨大挑战。尿液生物标志物可以改进和增强诊断及筛查技术，并确定更准确的复发率。然而，膀胱癌是一种异质性疾病，不太可能存在成本降低的单一标志物检测方法；因此，在此之前，即使使用起来并不理想，使用一组标志物来获取有价值的信息也是不可避免的。为改善这种僵局，应识别并准备新的生物标志物组合，以平衡成本效益。本文是一篇关于膀胱癌最常用肿瘤标志物以及此类患者最常见基因改变的文献综述。
