Feliciano Marcus Antônio Rossi, de Miranda Brenda Dos Santos Pompeu, Aires Luiz Paulo Nogueira, Lima Bruna Bressianini, de Oliveira Ana Paula Luiz, Feliciano Giovanna Serpa Maciel, Uscategui Ricardo Andrés Ramirez
Laboratory of Veterinary Imaginology, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), Sao Paulo University (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Animals (Basel). 2023 May 24;13(11):1742. doi: 10.3390/ani13111742.
The high incidence of mammary tumors in small animals is concerning. Patient history, clinical examination, physical evaluation, and imaging studies are important for clinical staging. Ultrasonography is commonly applied to investigate the presence of abdominal metastasis. However, it has been shown to provide important information regarding mammary tumors' architecture and advanced sonographic techniques can provide information regarding neovascularization, stiffness, and perfusion. Different techniques have been investigated to determine accuracy to predict the lesions' histological classification. This paper reviews the information regarding each sonographic technique in the evaluation of mammary tumors, describing the most common findings and their potential to accurately assess and predict malignancy. Even though the gold standard for the diagnosis of mammary lesions is the histopathological examination, some ultrasonographic features described can predict the potential of a lesion being malignant. Among the different sonographic techniques, elastography can be considered the most reliable modality to accurately differentiate benign from malignant tumors when malignant lesions present increased stiffness. However, the combination of all sonographic techniques can provide important information that can lead to a better therapeutic approach and clinical staging. Furthermore, the potential of the sonographic study, especially CEUS to monitor therapeutic progression, demonstrate the need of further studies.
小动物乳腺肿瘤的高发病率令人担忧。患者病史、临床检查、体格评估和影像学检查对临床分期很重要。超声检查常用于调查腹部转移的情况。然而，已证明其能提供有关乳腺肿瘤结构的重要信息，先进的超声技术还能提供有关新血管形成、硬度和灌注的信息。人们研究了不同技术以确定预测病变组织学分类的准确性。本文综述了超声检查技术在乳腺肿瘤评估中的相关信息，描述了最常见的发现及其准确评估和预测恶性肿瘤的潜力。尽管乳腺病变诊断的金标准是组织病理学检查，但所描述的一些超声特征可预测病变为恶性的可能性。在不同的超声检查技术中，当恶性病变硬度增加时，弹性成像可被认为是准确区分良性和恶性肿瘤的最可靠方法。然而，所有超声检查技术的联合应用可提供重要信息，从而有助于采取更好的治疗方法和进行临床分期。此外，超声检查研究，尤其是对比增强超声监测治疗进展的潜力，表明有必要进行进一步研究。
