Sulaksono Nurpana, Pudyatmoko Satyawan, Sumardi Sumardi, Wardhana Wahyu, Budiman Arief
Gunung Merbabu National Park, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Boyolali 57316, Indonesia.
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, Indonesia.
Animals (Basel). 2023 Oct 14;13(20):3217. doi: 10.3390/ani13203217.
A comprehensive understanding of the consequences of human interactions with mammals is a critical factor in supporting and conserving species in landscapes dominated by humans, which are increasingly threatened. This study aimed to identify the spatial and temporal interactions between humans and mammals. A non-parametric statistical approach with kernel density was used to detect human-mammal temporal interactions. The species interaction factor (SIF) was applied to calculate the spatial overlap based on the two-species occupancy detection model. The activity patterns of medium mammals were nocturnal, diurnal, and cathemeral. The human-medium mammal pairs with SIF values that were <1 and statistically significant included the human-long-tailed macaque () pair, the human-leopard cat () pair, and the human-barking deer () pair. Based on their SIF values and the high overlap in their activity times, the human-macaque pairings had a high risk of conflict. Barking deer and leopard cats displayed a coexistence with humans via time-sharing activities. Due to temporal niche variations with human activities, the existence of nocturnal mammals was relatively uninterrupted. This study showed that most mammals are able to adapt spatially and temporally to various human activities. Nonetheless, efforts to mitigate human-wildlife conflict must be maintained, particularly in the case of severely endangered species, such as the Sunda pangolin.
全面了解人类与哺乳动物相互作用的后果，是在人类主导且日益受到威胁的景观中支持和保护物种的关键因素。本研究旨在确定人类与哺乳动物之间的时空相互作用。采用带核密度的非参数统计方法来检测人类与哺乳动物的时间相互作用。基于双物种占有率检测模型，应用物种相互作用因子（SIF）来计算空间重叠。中型哺乳动物的活动模式为夜行性、昼行性和晨昏性。SIF值<1且具有统计学意义的人类与中型哺乳动物对包括人类-食蟹猴（ ）对、人类-豹猫（ ）对和人类-赤麂（ ）对。基于它们的SIF值以及活动时间的高度重叠，人类与猕猴的配对冲突风险很高。赤麂和豹猫通过时间共享活动与人类共存。由于与人类活动的时间生态位差异，夜行性哺乳动物的生存相对未受干扰。本研究表明，大多数哺乳动物能够在空间和时间上适应各种人类活动。尽管如此，仍必须努力减轻人类与野生动物的冲突，特别是对于极度濒危物种，如马来穿山甲。
