Thermophilic Fungi as the Microbial Agents of Choice for the Industrial Co-Fermentation of Wood Wastes and Nitrogen-Rich Organic Wastes to Bio-Methane.

The novel industrial approach of co-fermenting wood wastes with agricultural wastes that are rich in nitrogen such as animal manures to produce bio-methane (renewable natural gas) fuel via thermophilic anaerobic digestion mimics an analogous process occurring in lower termites, but it relies instead on thermophilic fungi along with other thermophilic microorganisms comprising suitable bacteria and archaea. Wood microbial hydrolysis under thermophilic temperatures (range of 55 °C to 70 °C) and aerobic or micro-aerobic conditions constitutes the first step of the two-step (hydrolysis and fermentation) dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion industrial process, designated as "W2M3+2", that relies on thermophilic fungi species, most of which grow naturally in wood piles. Eleven thermophilic fungi have been identified as likely agents of the industrial process, and their known growth habitats and conditions have been reviewed. Future research is proposed such that the optimal growth temperature of these thermophilic fungi could be increased to the higher thermophilic range approaching 70 °C, and a tolerance to partial anaerobic conditions can be obtained by modifying the fungal microbiome via a symbiotic existence with bacteria and/or viruses.