Assessment of heavy metal stress in the adaptation strategies of growing on serpentine soil through some biomarkers in comparison to .

The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how adapts to growth in soil with higher concentrations of heavy metals and to assess potential toxic effects using various biomarkers, in comparison to , a typical serpentine species. For this purpose, we analyzed the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the soil, as well as their accumulation in plants and their associated stress effects. The results indicate that, despite the presence of some metals in very high concentrations in the soil (Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni), they are translocated in minimal amounts within plant organs, particularly in . Nearly all metals exhibited significantly higher concentrations in when compared to . Based on the analysis of biomarkers, it is apparent that shows greater sensitivity to these conditions. This is evident through the decreased activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and levels of δ-aminolevulinic acid, malondialdehyde, and glutathione observed in . It appears that effectively restricts the absorption of metals in serpentine soils; however, it experiences oxidative stress induced by these metals, setting it apart from the more resilient .