Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet 4, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Technical University of Denmark, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Richard Petersens Plads, Building 324, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Chemosphere. 2024 Jan;346:140553. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140553. Epub 2023 Nov 7.
Chicken eggs can be a significant source of human PFAS exposure. A survey of PFAS in commercial eggs from larger farms across Denmark showed the absence or low contents of PFAS in free-range and barn eggs. However, organic eggs from eight farms collected in September 2022 had a similar profile of nine PFASs with a predominance of odd over even carbon length PFCAs. Farm 11-13 e.g. had egg yolk ng/g concentrations of PFOA 0.07 ± 0.02; PFNA 0.37 ± 0.04; PFDA 0.13 ± 0.00; PFUnDA 0.22 ± 0.04; PFDoDA 0.06 ± 0.02; PFTrDA 0.15 ± 0.04; PFTeDA 0.02 ± 0.02; PFHxS 0.10 ± 0.04; PFOS 2.62 ± 0.11. Normalised to PFOS, the relative sum of other PFAS showed no difference between the eight organic egg samples, but significant differences between mean individual PFASs (p = 1.4E-25), reflecting a similar profile. The PFAS found in two fishmeal samples with the same origin as the fishmeal used for the organic feed production, could account for the contents in the eggs via estimated transfer from the feed. Furthermore, the estimated transfer from concentration in feed to concentration in egg increased with the carbon length of the PFCA. Exposure (95th percentile) of ∑4PFAS (PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFOS) solely from consumption of 311 g ∼ 5-6 organic eggs/week was for children 4-9 years 10.4 ng/kg bw, i.e. a significant exceedance of the tolerable weekly intake of 4.4 ng/kg bw established by the European Food Safety Authority. Based on the PFAS exposures from organic egg consumption, the organic egg producers decided voluntarily to cease adding fishmeal to the feed. Since the feed-to-egg half-lives are ≤1 week for PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS, the removal of fishmeal as a feed ingredient should eliminate PFAS after 1-2 months. This was demonstrated in analyses of ten organic egg samples collected by the authorities without PFAS in eight and with 0.1 and 0.4 ng/g ∑4PFAS in two samples.
鸡蛋可能是人类 PFAS 暴露的一个重要来源。对丹麦较大农场的商业鸡蛋中 PFAS 的调查显示，散养和谷仓鸡蛋中不存在或含量较低的 PFAS。然而，2022 年 9 月从八个农场采集的有机鸡蛋具有类似的九种 PFAS 特征，奇数碳长 PFCAs 占优势。例如，农场 11-13 的蛋黄 ng/g 浓度为 PFOA 0.07 ± 0.02；PFNA 0.37 ± 0.04；PFDA 0.13 ± 0.00；PFUnDA 0.22 ± 0.04；PFDoDA 0.06 ± 0.02；PFTrDA 0.15 ± 0.04；PFTeDA 0.02 ± 0.02；PFHxS 0.10 ± 0.04；PFOS 2.62 ± 0.11。与 PFOS 归一化后，这 8 个有机鸡蛋样品中其他 PFAS 的相对总和没有差异，但个别 PFAS 的平均值存在显著差异（p = 1.4E-25），反映出相似的特征。与用于有机饲料生产的鱼粉来源相同的两份鱼粉样本中发现的 PFAS，可以通过从饲料中估计的转移来解释鸡蛋中的含量。此外，从饲料浓度到鸡蛋浓度的估计转移随着 PFCAs 的碳链长度增加而增加。仅从食用 311 克~5-6 个有机鸡蛋/周的消费中，∑4PFAS（PFOA、PFNA、PFHxS、PFOS）的暴露量（95%百分位），4-9 岁儿童为 10.4ng/kg bw，即显著超过欧洲食品安全局规定的可耐受每周摄入量 4.4ng/kg bw。基于有机鸡蛋消费中的 PFAS 暴露情况，有机鸡蛋生产商决定自愿停止在饲料中添加鱼粉。由于 PFOA、PFOS 和 PFHxS 的饲料到鸡蛋半衰期均≤1 周，因此，在 1-2 个月后，作为饲料成分的鱼粉去除后，PFAS 应该会被消除。这在当局收集的十个有机鸡蛋样本的分析中得到了证明，其中八个样本中没有 PFAS，另外两个样本中含有 0.1 和 0.4ng/g 的∑4PFAS。
