MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
Chemosphere. 2022 Sep;303(Pt 2):135061. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135061. Epub 2022 May 29.
Indoor environmental pollutants are a threat to human health. In the current study, we analysed 25 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in seven different size fraction of house dust including the two relevant for exposure via ingestion and inhalation. The highest PFAS concentration is found in the inhalable particulate fraction which is explained by the increased surface area as the particulate's sizes decrease. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the individual PFAS and exposure pathways were calculated for children and adults. In addition, the total EDI for PFOA and its precursors was estimated. The polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAP), followed by PFOA and PFHxA fluortelomer, showed the highest concentrations of PFAS analysed. The cumulative EDI of PFAS for children was 3.0 ng/kg bw per day, a worst-case scenario, which is 17 times higher than the calculated EDI for adults. For children, ingestion of dust was found to result in 800 times higher PFOA exposure than via inhalation. The contribution from PFOA precursors corresponded to only 1% of the EDI from dust indicating PFOA as the main source of exposure. The EDI's of PFOA and PFOS from dust were lower than the calculated EDI's from food ingestion reported by the Swedish Food Agency. Our data indicate that the EDI for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS from dust intake alone is close to the established tolerable weakly intake of 4.4 ng/kg bw in children, set by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2020. The combined EDI levels PFOA and PFOS from both dust and food exceeded the EFSA TWI for both children and adults. This study demonstrates that dust is a relevant exposure pathway for PFAS intake and that analysis of relevant particle size fractions is important for evaluation of dust as an exposure pathway.
室内环境污染物对人类健康构成威胁。在本研究中，我们分析了包括通过摄入和吸入两种相关途径暴露的两种不同粒径的室内灰尘中 25 种全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）。可吸入颗粒物部分的 PFAS 浓度最高，这是由于颗粒物粒径减小导致表面积增加所致。我们为儿童和成人计算了个体 PFAS 的估计每日摄入量（EDI）和暴露途径。此外，还估算了 PFOA 及其前体的总 EDI。多氟烷基磷酸二酯（diPAP）、PFOA 和 PFHxA 氟调聚物紧随其后，是分析出的 PFAS 中浓度最高的物质。最坏情况下，儿童的 PFAS 累积 EDI 为 3.0ng/kg bw/天，是成人计算 EDI 的 17 倍。对于儿童，通过灰尘摄入导致的 PFOA 暴露是通过吸入的 800 倍。PFOA 前体的贡献仅占灰尘 EDI 的 1%，表明 PFOA 是暴露的主要来源。从灰尘中摄入的 PFOA 和 PFOS 的 EDI 低于瑞典食品局报告的从食物摄入中计算出的 EDI。我们的数据表明，仅通过灰尘摄入摄入的四种 PFAS（PFOA、PFNA、PFHxS 和 PFOS）的 EDI 接近欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）在 2020 年设定的儿童可耐受弱摄入量 4.4ng/kg bw。儿童和成人从灰尘和食物中摄入的 PFOA 和 PFOS 的累积 EDI 均超过了 EFSA 的 TWI。本研究表明，灰尘是 PFAS 摄入的一个重要暴露途径，分析相关粒径分数对于评估灰尘作为暴露途径非常重要。
