Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 100 E 24th Street, TX 78712, USA.
Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023 Odisha, India.
Plant Physiol. 2024 Feb 29;194(3):1323-1335. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiad590.
Apyrase (APY) enzymes are nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) diphosphohydrolases that can remove the terminal phosphate from NTPs and nucleoside diphosphates but not from nucleoside monophosphates. They have conserved structures and functions in yeast, plants, and animals. Among the most studied APYs in plants are those in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; AtAPYs) and pea (Pisum sativum; PsAPYs), both of which have been shown to play major roles in regulating plant growth and development. Valuable insights on their functional roles have been gained by transgenically altering their transcript abundance, either by constitutively expressing or suppressing APY genes. This review focuses on recent studies that have provided insights on the mechanisms by which APY activity promotes growth in different organisms. Most of these studies have used transgenic lines that constitutively expressed APY in multiple different plants and in yeast. As APY enzymatic activity can also be changed post-translationally by chemical blockage, this review also briefly covers studies that used inhibitors to suppress APY activity in plants and fungi. It concludes by summarizing some of the main unanswered questions about how APYs regulate plant growth and proposes approaches to answering them.
磷酸酶（APY）酶是核苷三磷酸（NTP）二磷酸水解酶，可从 NTP 和核苷二磷酸中去除末端磷酸，但不能从核苷单磷酸中去除。它们在酵母、植物和动物中具有保守的结构和功能。在植物中研究最多的 APY 是拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana；AtAPYs）和豌豆（Pisum sativum；PsAPYs）中的那些，它们都被证明在调节植物生长和发育中起主要作用。通过改变其转录物丰度，无论是组成型表达还是抑制 APY 基因，都可以获得关于其功能作用的宝贵见解。这篇综述重点介绍了最近的研究，这些研究提供了有关 APY 活性促进不同生物体生长的机制的见解。这些研究中的大多数都使用了在多种不同植物和酵母中组成型表达 APY 的转基因系。由于 APY 酶活性也可以通过化学阻断进行翻译后改变，因此该综述还简要介绍了使用抑制剂抑制植物和真菌中 APY 活性的研究。它总结了关于 APY 如何调节植物生长的一些主要未解决的问题，并提出了回答这些问题的方法。
