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巴基斯坦拉合尔市室内外灰尘中氯化石蜡的暴露和人体健康风险评估。

Exposure and human health risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in indoor and outdoor dust from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan.

机构信息

College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

出版信息

Chemosphere. 2024 Jan;347:140687. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140687. Epub 2023 Nov 10.

Abstract

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely used in commercial products due to their stability and durability and are subsequently released in the environment posing serious health risks in human population. In this study, dust samples from indoor and outdoor settings of residential, commercial and industrial zones as well as from vehicles were collected from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 83 dust samples were analyzed for short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chained CPs through quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI QToF-MS) mode. The median concentrations of ƩCPs in outdoor dust were higher than indoor dust in industries (0.97 vs 0.48 μg/g), and residential areas (0.70 vs 0.13 μg/g) while lower in commercial areas (0.28 vs 0.44 μg/g) reflecting their higher prevalence in industrial and residential zones. The vehicular dust had median ƩCPs of 0.16 μg/g which was similar to residential indoor dust. Overall, ƩSCCPs were dominant among all zones with C and Cl as abundant carbon and chlorine congeners in both indoor and outdoor dusts. No significant correlations were observed between indoor and outdoor dust for ƩSCCPs and ƩMCCPs indicating their varying exposure. Health hazard index and margin of exposure revealed that toddlers were at higher risk compared to adults as a results of CPs exposure from both indoor and outdoor environments. This is the first ever assessment of CPs in Pakistan reflecting higher prevalence of SCCPs than MCCPs in dust of local environment posing some serious health consequences hence needed intensive investigation and effective management.

摘要

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)和中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)由于其稳定性和耐用性而被广泛应用于商业产品中,随后被释放到环境中,对人类构成了严重的健康风险。在这项研究中,从巴基斯坦拉合尔市的住宅、商业和工业区以及车辆的室内和室外环境中采集了灰尘样本。总共分析了 83 个灰尘样本,通过大气压化学电离(APCI QToF-MS)模式的四极杆飞行时间质谱仪分析了短链(SCCPs)和中链(MCCPs)氯化石蜡。室外灰尘中ΣCPs 的中位数浓度高于工业(0.97 对 0.48μg/g)和住宅(0.70 对 0.13μg/g)的室内灰尘,而商业地区(0.28 对 0.44μg/g)则较低,反映出其在工业和住宅地区的高流行率。车辆灰尘中ΣCPs 的中位数为 0.16μg/g,与住宅室内灰尘相似。总体而言,所有地区均以ΣSCCPs 为主,室内和室外灰尘中的 C 和 Cl 均为丰富的碳和氯同系物。室内和室外灰尘中ΣSCCPs 和ΣMCCPs 之间未观察到显著相关性,表明其暴露情况不同。健康危害指数和接触风险边缘表明,幼儿比成年人面临更高的风险,因为他们从室内和室外环境中接触到了 CPs。这是巴基斯坦首次对 CPs 的评估,反映出当地环境灰尘中 SCCPs 的流行率高于 MCCPs,对健康造成了一些严重后果,因此需要进行深入调查和有效管理。

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