School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2023 Jun;45(6):3789-3804. doi: 10.1007/s10653-022-01453-z. Epub 2022 Dec 29.
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants that have been found in various environmental media. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations, spatial distribution, possible sources and potential health risk of SCCPs and MCCPs in urban road dust collected from Shanghai, China. The concentrations ranged from 9.74 to 11,400 ng g for ΣSCCPs, 44.1 to 49,900 ng g for ΣMCCPs and 53.9 to 61,400 ng g for total CPs, respectively. MCCPs were the dominant component in all road dust, averagely accounting for 82.8% of total CPs. The concentrations of CPs in dust collected from traffic and commercial areas were significantly higher than those from campus, industrial, park and residential areas (p < 0.01), which could be attributed to tire wear in heavy traffic. All dust samples were divided into two groups by hierarchical cluster analysis for both SCCPs and MCCPs, and the most abundant homologue groups in most samples were CCl and CCl for SCCPs, and CCl and CCl for MCCPs. Correlation analysis showed that all carbon homologues in road dusts were highly correlated each other, suggesting SCCPs and MCCPs in dust maybe came from similar sources. Three sources for CPs in dust samples were apportioned by the PMF model; their relative contributions to the total CPs burden in dust were 25.6% for factor 1 (commercial CP mixture), 13.7% for factor 2 (long-distance transport) and 60.7% for factor 3 (commercial CP mixture). The median estimated daily intakes of total CPs via road dust were 1.78 × 10 for children and 3.0 × 10 mg kg day for adults, respectively. Quantitative risk assessment using non-cancer hazard index and total margin of exposure of total CPs indicated that total CPs at the present level in road dust pose no significant risk for both children and adults in Shanghai.
短链氯化石蜡（SCCPs）和中链氯化石蜡（MCCPs）在城市道路灰尘中的浓度、空间分布、可能来源和潜在健康风险。SCCPs 和 MCCPs 的浓度范围分别为 9.74 至 11,400ng/g（ΣSCCPs）、44.1 至 49,900ng/g（ΣMCCPs）和 53.9 至 61,400ng/g（总 CPs）。MCCPs 是所有道路灰尘中的主要成分，平均占总 CPs 的 82.8%。交通和商业区采集的灰尘中 CPs 的浓度明显高于校园、工业、公园和居民区（p<0.01），这可能是由于交通量大导致轮胎磨损所致。所有灰尘样本均通过层次聚类分析对 SCCPs 和 MCCPs 进行分组，大多数样本中最丰富的同系物组为 SCCPs 的 CCl 和 CCl，以及 MCCPs 的 CCl 和 CCl。相关性分析表明，道路灰尘中的所有碳同系物相互高度相关，表明灰尘中的 SCCPs 和 MCCPs 可能来自类似的来源。通过 PMF 模型分配灰尘样品中 CPs 的三个来源；它们对灰尘中总 CPs 负担的相对贡献分别为 1 因子（商业 CP 混合物）的 25.6%、2 因子（长途运输）的 13.7%和 3 因子（商业 CP 混合物）的 60.7%。通过道路灰尘估算的儿童和成人总 CPs 的日均摄入量中位数分别为 1.78×10 和 3.0×10 mg/kg/天。使用非致癌危害指数和总暴露边际的定量风险评估表明，目前上海道路灰尘中总 CPs 的水平对儿童和成人均无显著风险。
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