Mapping landscape ecological patterns using numeric and categorical maps.

The reciprocal relationships between ecological process and landscape pattern are fundamental to landscape ecology. Landscape ecologists traditionally use raster maps portraying classified features such as land use or land cover categories, and metrics suggested by the patch-corridor-matrix conceptual model of pattern. Less attention has been given to the landscape gradient conceptual model and raster maps portraying numeric features such as greenness or percent vegetation cover. We introduce the open-source tool GraySpatCon to calculate and map a variety of landscape pattern metrics from both conceptual models using either categorical or numeric maps. The 51 metrics, drawn mostly from the landscape ecology and image processing literatures, are calculated from the frequencies of input pixel values and/or the pixel value adjacencies in an analysis region. GraySpatCon conducts either a moving window analysis which produces a continuous map of a pattern metric, or a global analysis which produces a single metric value. We describe an implementation in the GuidosToolbox desktop application which allows novice users to interactively explore GraySpatCon functionality. In the R desktop environment, we demonstrate several metrics using an example map of percent tree cover and illustrate a multi-scale moving window analysis to identify scale domains. Comparisons of computational efficiency indicate a substantial GraySpatCon advantage over related software in the R environment.