Causal influence of muscle weakness on cardiometabolic diseases and osteoporosis.

The causal roles of muscle weakness in cardiometabolic diseases and osteoporosis remain elusive. This two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study aims to explore the causal roles of muscle weakness in the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and osteoporosis. 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, P < 5 × 10) associated with muscle weakness were used as instrumental variables. Genetic predisposition to muscle weakness led to increased risk of coronary artery disease (inverse variance weighted [IVW] analysis, beta-estimate: 0.095, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.023 to 0.166, standard error [SE]:0.036, P-value = 0.009) and reduced risk of heart failure (weight median analysis, beta-estimate: - 0.137, 95% CI - 0.264 to - 0.009, SE:0.065, P-value = 0.036). In addition, muscle weakness may reduce the estimated bone mineral density (eBMD, weight median analysis, beta-estimate: - 0.059, 95% CI - 0.110 to - 0.008, SE:0.026, P-value = 0.023). We found no MR associations between muscle weakness and atrial fibrillation, type 2 diabetes or fracture. This study provides robust evidence that muscle weakness is causally associated with the incidence of coronary artery disease and heart failure, which may provide new insight to prevent and treat these two cardiometabolic diseases.