Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, and the School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
J Vis. 2023 Nov 1;23(13):9. doi: 10.1167/jov.23.13.9.
Object recognition relies on a multitude of factors, including size, orientation, and so on. Mirrored orientation, particularly due to children's mirror confusion in reading, holds special significance among various object orientations. Brain imaging studies suggest that the visual ventral and dorsal streams exhibit distinct orientation sensitivity across diverse object categories. Yet, it remains unclear whether mirror orientation sensitivity also varies among these categories during development at the behavioral level. Here, we explored the mirror sensitivity of children and adults across five distinct categories, which encompass tools that activate both the visual ventral stream for function information and the dorsal stream for manipulation information, and animals and faces that mainly activate the ventral stream. Two types of symbols, letters and Chinese characters, were also included. Mirror sensitivity was assessed through mirror costs-that is, the additional reaction time or error rate in the mirrored versus the same orientation condition when judging the identity of object pairs. The mirror costs in reaction times and error rates consistently revealed that children exhibited null mirror costs for tools, and the mirror costs for tools in adults were minimal, if any, and were smaller than those for letters and characters. The mirror costs reflected in absolute reaction time and error rate were similar across adults and children, but when the overall difference in reaction times was considered, adults showed a larger mirror cost than children. Overall, our investigation unveils categorical distinctions and development in mirror sensitivity of object recognition across the ventral and dorsal streams.
物体识别依赖于多种因素，包括大小、方向等。镜像方向，特别是由于儿童在阅读时的镜像混淆，在各种物体方向中具有特殊意义。脑成像研究表明，视觉腹侧和背侧流在不同的物体类别中表现出不同的方向敏感性。然而，在行为水平上，在发展过程中，镜像方向敏感性是否也在这些类别中发生变化尚不清楚。在这里，我们探索了儿童和成人在五个不同类别中的镜像敏感性，这些类别包括激活视觉腹侧流以获取功能信息和背侧流以获取操作信息的工具，以及主要激活腹侧流的动物和面部。还包括两种符号，字母和汉字。通过镜像成本来评估镜像敏感性——即在判断物体对的身份时，镜像与相同方向条件相比，额外的反应时间或错误率。反应时间和错误率中的镜像成本一致表明，儿童对工具的镜像成本为零，如果有的话，成年人对工具的镜像成本最小，并且比字母和汉字的镜像成本小。绝对反应时间和错误率反映的镜像成本在成人和儿童之间相似，但当考虑到反应时间的整体差异时，成人的镜像成本大于儿童。总的来说，我们的研究揭示了物体识别在腹侧和背侧流中的镜像敏感性的类别差异和发展。
