Institute for History, Theory and Ethics in Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
Institute for History, Theory and Ethics in Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
Pathol Res Pract. 2023 Dec;252:154937. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154937. Epub 2023 Nov 10.
The pathologist Max Kuczynski (1890-1967) gained recognition for his bacteriological research but is also considered the founder of the so-called ethnopathology. As a "non-Aryan," Kuczynski emigrated from Nazi Germany to Peru, where his elder son was later even to become president. However, the circumstances surrounding the end of Kuczynski's career in Germany are hardly known. This article takes this research gap as an opportunity to reconstruct his life, the circumstances of his emigration, and his work in South America. Numerous archival documents serve as sources. In the mid-1920s, Kuczynski developed "ethnic pathology," a new interdisciplinary approach that offered a counter-concept to the increasingly popular racial hygiene in Germany. But his career in Germany ended even before the Nazis came to power in 1933. He was dismissed from the Charité Pathological Institute in October 1932 at the instigation of its new director, Robert Rössle (1876-1956). Personal and financial reasons played a role, but Kuczynski's rejection of racial hygiene may also have been a decisive factor: Rössle himself turned increasingly to questions of racial hygiene in the Third Reich and used the corpses of Nazi victims for his research. It can be shown that the circumstances of Kuczynski's dismissal were already catalyzed by anti-Semitic and eugenic tendencies, which were to unleash themselves radically in Germany only a few months later - and even caught up with him in Peruvian exile.
病理学家马克斯·库钦斯基（Max Kuczynski，1890-1967 年）因其细菌学研究而获得认可，但他也被认为是所谓民族病理学的奠基人。作为一名“非雅利安人”，库钦斯基从纳粹德国移民到秘鲁，他的长子后来甚至成为总统。然而，他在德国职业生涯结束的情况鲜为人知。本文以这一研究空白为契机，重建了他的生活、移民情况以及他在南美洲的工作。大量档案文件作为来源。20 世纪 20 年代中期，库钦斯基发展了“民族病理学”，这是一种新的跨学科方法，为德国日益流行的种族卫生学提供了一个反概念。但他在德国的职业生涯甚至在 1933 年纳粹上台之前就结束了。1932 年 10 月，在新主任罗伯特·罗塞尔（Robert Rössle，1876-1956 年）的煽动下，他被开除出 Charité 病理学研究所。个人和财务原因起了作用，但库钦斯基对种族卫生学的拒绝也可能是一个决定性因素：罗塞尔本人在第三帝国越来越关注种族卫生学问题，并将纳粹受害者的尸体用于他的研究。可以证明，库钦斯基被解雇的情况已经受到反犹太主义和优生学倾向的催化，这些倾向仅在几个月后就在德国激进地爆发——甚至在秘鲁流亡时也追上了他。
