Kleinman G D, Horstman S W, Kalman D A, McKenzie J, Stansel D
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1986 Dec;47(12):731-41. doi: 10.1080/15298668691390584.
A two-year study of the occupational exposure of workers in a lumber mill to a wood preservative containing chlorophenol has been conducted. The methods were biological (urine) monitoring, industrial hygiene assessment and a questionnaire related to worker-perceived health effects. Approximately 40 workers exposed to the wood preservative and 40 unexposed controls working in other locations of the plant participated in the study. Evaluation of work conditions, assessment of urinary levels of tetra- and pentachlorophenol, and administration of a medical questionnaire were performed at a six-month intervals over a two-year period. Industrial hygiene ratings of exposures and adequacy of protection were evaluated in relation to the results of biological monitoring. Workers who came into contact with freshly treated and still wet wood had consistently higher urinary levels of tetrachlorophenol. Workers stationed adjacent to the spray applicator also had higher tetrachlorophenol levels. There was no statistically significant relationship between the subjective ratings by the industrial hygienist of exposure and adequacy of worker protection with the urinary levels of tetrachlorophenol. Nor was there a consistent pattern linking exposure ratings with adequacy of protection. The short half-life of tetrachlorophenol in the urine makes this a good indicator of only the most recent exposure. The differences in urinary levels between controls and exposed workers were large, with averages of 240.4 ppb for exposed workers and 14.6 for controls. Traditional industrial hygiene evaluation techniques, in conjunction with biological monitoring, proved to be the most effective method of assessing both exposure and work practices. Exposed workers reported a statistically significant increase of positive answers to known signs and symptoms of chlorophenol exposure compared with the controls. There was no statistically significant relationship between the number of these health problems reported and the mean urinary levels of tetra- or pentachlorophenol for the exposed group; however, for certain variables (heavy vs. light exposure, inadequate vs. adequate protection, greater than 100 ppb urinary tetrachlorophenol vs. less than 100 ppb), those with heavier exposure, inadequate protection or higher urinary tetrachlorophenol reported on the average more health problems over the two-year period. Firm statistical conclusions could not be drawn because of the small size of the study population.
对一家木材厂工人接触含氯酚木材防腐剂的情况进行了为期两年的研究。研究方法包括生物（尿液）监测、工业卫生评估以及一份与工人自我感知健康影响相关的问卷。大约40名接触木材防腐剂的工人和40名在工厂其他区域工作的未接触对照组工人参与了该研究。在两年期间，每隔六个月对工作条件进行评估、检测尿液中四氯酚和五氯酚的水平，并发放一份医疗问卷。根据生物监测结果评估接触的工业卫生评级和防护的充分性。接触新鲜处理且仍潮湿木材的工人尿液中的四氯酚水平一直较高。在喷雾施药器附近工作的工人四氯酚水平也较高。工业卫生学家对接触情况和工人防护充分性的主观评级与尿液中四氯酚水平之间没有统计学上的显著关系。接触评级与防护充分性之间也没有一致的模式。尿液中四氯酚的半衰期较短，这使其仅能很好地指示最近的接触情况。对照组和接触组工人尿液水平差异很大，接触组工人平均为240.4 ppb，对照组为14.6 ppb。事实证明，传统的工业卫生评估技术与生物监测相结合是评估接触情况和工作实践的最有效方法。与对照组相比，接触组工人报告的氯酚接触已知体征和症状的阳性答案在统计学上有显著增加。报告的这些健康问题数量与接触组四氯酚或五氯酚的平均尿液水平之间没有统计学上的显著关系；然而，对于某些变量（重度接触与轻度接触、防护不足与防护充分、尿液四氯酚大于100 ppb与小于100 ppb），在两年期间，接触较重、防护不足或尿液四氯酚水平较高的人平均报告的健康问题更多。由于研究人群规模较小，无法得出确凿的统计结论。
