The Institute of Public Health, Dublin, Ireland.
TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Technological University Dublin, Ireland.
Lancet. 2023 Nov;402 Suppl 1:S79. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02118-9.
Gambling among adolescents is associated with gambling disorder in adulthood. This study investigated factors associated with gambling and excessive gambling in adolescents.
This secondary analysis of the cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) used nationally representative data from the Irish cohort of the 2019 ESPAD wave. Data were collected between March and May 2019. We included 1949 students aged 15-16 years (946 [48·5%] male, 1003 [51·5%] female), with a response rate of 85%. We calculated past year gambling prevalence as the rate of those who had gambled for money on at least one of four games of chance (slot machines, cards or dice, the lottery, betting on sports or animals) in the past 12 months. An adapted version of the three-item Consumption Screen for Problem Gambling was used to identify excessive gambling (score ≥4). We carried out descriptive and logistic regression analyses using binary covariates with Stata v16.1. We included 19 variables in the multivariable analysis. Ethics approval was granted by Dublin Institute of Technology's Ethics Committee. Non-consent forms were issued to all parents to opt out.
Overall, 447 (23%) of 1949 students gambled in the past year, of whom 45 (10%) engaged in excessive gambling. Using a mutually adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis, past year gambling was associated with alcohol use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·6, 95% CI 1·1-2·2), experiencing serious arguments (aOR 1·4, 1·1-1·9), and trouble with the police (aOR 1·9, 1·2-2·8). Female gender was a protective factor (aOR 0·6, 0·4-0·9). In the univariable analysis, excessive gambling was associated with gaming (OR 2·3, 1·0-5·1), tobacco use (2·1, 1·1-4·2), e-cigarette use (2·1, 1·1-4·1), heavy episodic drinking (2·7, 1·4-5·1), trouble with the police (2·8, 1·5-5·4, p<0·01), and deliberately hurting themselves (2·8, 1·4-5·6). Female gender (OR 0·3, 0·1-0·6) and social media use (0·4, 0·2-0·8) were protective factors. Excessive gambling was also associated with betting on sports and animals (OR 3·6, 1·6-8·4), slot machines (2·9, 1·5-5·8), card or dice (2·4, 1·2-4·6), and online gambling (4·2, 2·0-8·0).
A large proportion of 15-16 year olds in Ireland have gambled for money in the past year, with one in ten of those having engaged in excessive gambling. This number is likely to be underestimated due to recall and social desirability bias. Reducing the availability, access, and appeal of gambling products in Ireland should be addressed through ongoing gambling reform.
Institute of Public Health.
青少年时期的赌博与成年后出现赌博障碍有关。本研究调查了与青少年赌博和过度赌博相关的因素。
这是对欧洲学校酒精和其他毒品调查项目（ESPAD）的横断面研究的二次分析，使用了 2019 年 ESPAD 波次爱尔兰队列的全国代表性数据。数据收集于 2019 年 3 月至 5 月之间。我们纳入了 1949 名 15-16 岁的学生（946 名男性[48.5%]，1003 名女性[51.5%]），应答率为 85%。我们计算了过去一年的赌博流行率，即过去 12 个月内至少有 4 种赌博游戏（老虎机、纸牌或骰子、彩票、押注体育或动物比赛）赌博金钱的学生比例。使用了三项目消费筛查工具来确定过度赌博（得分≥4）。我们使用 Stata v16.1 进行了描述性和逻辑回归分析，使用二进制协变量。我们在多变量分析中纳入了 19 个变量。都柏林理工学院伦理委员会批准了该研究。向所有家长发放了非同意表格以选择退出。
在 1949 名学生中，共有 447 名（23%）学生过去一年参与了赌博，其中 45 名（10%）学生出现了过度赌博。使用相互调整的多变量逻辑回归分析，过去一年的赌博与饮酒（调整后的优势比[OR] 1.6，95%置信区间 1.1-2.2）、经历严重争吵（OR 1.4，1.1-1.9）和与警方有纠纷（OR 1.9，1.2-2.8）相关。女性是一个保护因素（OR 0.6，0.4-0.9）。在单变量分析中，过度赌博与赌博游戏（OR 2.3，1.0-5.1）、烟草使用（OR 2.1，1.1-4.2）、电子烟使用（OR 2.1，1.1-4.1）、重度间歇性饮酒（OR 2.7，1.4-5.1）、与警方有纠纷（OR 2.8，1.5-5.4，p<0.01）和故意伤害自己（OR 2.8，1.4-5.6）相关。女性（OR 0.3，0.1-0.6）和社交媒体使用（OR 0.4，0.2-0.8）是保护因素。过度赌博还与押注体育和动物比赛（OR 3.6，1.6-8.4）、老虎机（OR 2.9，1.5-5.8）、纸牌或骰子（OR 2.4，1.2-4.6）和在线赌博（OR 4.2，2.0-8.0）相关。
在爱尔兰，大量 15-16 岁的青少年过去一年中都有过金钱赌博，其中十分之一的人出现了过度赌博。由于回忆和社会期望偏差，这个数字可能被低估了。通过持续的赌博改革，应该解决减少赌博产品在爱尔兰的可获得性、可访问性和吸引力的问题。
公共卫生研究所。
