Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, NY 10022, USA.
Cells. 2023 Nov 9;12(22):2595. doi: 10.3390/cells12222595.
Metabolic disorders and diabetes (DM) impact more than five hundred million individuals throughout the world and are insidious in onset, chronic in nature, and yield significant disability and death. Current therapies that address nutritional status, weight management, and pharmacological options may delay disability but cannot alter disease course or functional organ loss, such as dementia and degeneration of systemic bodily functions. Underlying these challenges are the onset of aging disorders associated with increased lifespan, telomere dysfunction, and oxidative stress generation that lead to multi-system dysfunction. These significant hurdles point to the urgent need to address underlying disease mechanisms with innovative applications. New treatment strategies involve non-coding RNA pathways with microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs), Wnt signaling, and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) that are dependent upon programmed cell death pathways, cellular metabolic pathways with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nicotinamide, and growth factor applications. Non-coding RNAs, Wnt signaling, and AMPK are cornerstone mechanisms for overseeing complex metabolic pathways that offer innovative treatment avenues for metabolic disease and DM but will necessitate continued appreciation of the ability of each of these cellular mechanisms to independently and in unison influence clinical outcome.
代谢紊乱和糖尿病（DM）影响着全球超过 5 亿人，其发病隐匿、病程慢性，并导致严重的残疾和死亡。目前的治疗方法可以针对营养状况、体重管理和药物选择进行干预，但无法改变疾病进程或功能性器官损失，如痴呆和全身功能系统的退化。这些挑战的根本原因是与寿命延长、端粒功能障碍和氧化应激产生相关的衰老相关疾病的发生，这些都会导致多系统功能障碍。这些重大障碍表明，迫切需要通过创新应用来解决潜在的疾病机制。新的治疗策略涉及非编码 RNA 途径、微小 RNA（miRNA）和环状 RNA（circRNA）、Wnt 信号通路以及 Wnt1 诱导的信号通路蛋白 1（WISP1），这些都依赖于程序性细胞死亡途径、细胞代谢途径中的 AMP 激活蛋白激酶（AMPK）和烟酰胺以及生长因子的应用。非编码 RNA、Wnt 信号通路和 AMPK 是监督复杂代谢途径的基石机制，为代谢疾病和糖尿病提供了创新的治疗途径，但需要持续关注这些细胞机制各自以及协同影响临床结果的能力。
