Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda.
BMC Psychiatry. 2023 Nov 24;23(1):877. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-05368-6.
BACKGROUND: Firearm violence is a growing public health problem causing death globally. With easy accessibility to firearms, suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides have increased among security officers, especially in developing countries affected by long-standing civil wars/political insurgencies. No study has explored firearm violence in East African countries. This study describes the press media reporting of suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides among security officers in two East African countries (Uganda and Kenya). METHODS: Due to the absence of suicide databases among East African countries, the present study reviewed press media reports. We utilized content analysis of suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides reports among security forces. Relevant media reports between January-2020 and May-2023 were searched. Using ANOVA and chi-square tests, we tested for statistical differences in characteristics between victims and perpetrators. RESULTS: Among the 56 perpetrated reports, most of them were homicides 44.64% (n = 25/56), 30.36% (n = 17/56) were homicide-suicides, and 25% (n = 14/56) were suicides. Perpetrators' age ranged from 21 to 47 years, majority being males [53/56 (94.64%)]. Victims were 58, mostly Ugandans [41/58 (73.21%)] with a mean age of 33.5 ± 8.81 years. Among the three main outcomes, statistically significant difference existed by country (χ = 23.88, p < 0.001), and perpetrators' age (F = 8.59, p = 0.005). There was a significant difference between perpetrators and the number of victims lost by age of victims (F = 10.37, p = 0.002). Among victims, type of security of perpetrator and citizenship of victims (χ = 24.18, p < 0.001) showed statistical difference with Ugandans having more victims to army officers while Kenyans to police officers. Brief incident descriptions pointed towards relationship dysfunctions, alcohol/substance abuse, intentional harm, and financial disagreements, as the potential causes. Only two perpetrators were reported to have mental health-related conditions. CONCLUSION: This study shows that media reported firearms-related suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides among security forces commonly involve males. Perpetrators in Uganda are mainly army officers while in Kenya the perpetrators are mostly police officers. Mental health conditions were not frequently reported among perpetrators. We recommend strengthening and enforcing gun regulation policies among security officers to curb this growing problem in these countries. Routine screening of mental health problems to enable early interventions is recommended among security officers.
背景:枪支暴力是一个日益严重的全球公共卫生问题。由于枪支容易获得,安全人员的自杀、他杀和杀人自杀事件有所增加,尤其是在受长期内战/政治叛乱影响的发展中国家。没有研究探讨过东非国家的枪支暴力问题。本研究描述了两个东非国家(乌干达和肯尼亚)的安全人员中自杀、他杀和杀人自杀的新闻媒体报道。
方法:由于东非国家没有自杀数据库,本研究审查了新闻媒体报道。我们利用对安全部队自杀、他杀和杀人自杀报告的内容分析进行研究。检索了 2020 年 1 月至 2023 年 5 月的相关媒体报道。使用方差分析和卡方检验,测试了受害者和犯罪者特征之间的统计学差异。
结果:在 56 起犯罪报告中,大多数是他杀 44.64%(n=25/56),30.36%(n=17/56)是杀人自杀,25%(n=14/56)是自杀。犯罪者的年龄从 21 岁到 47 岁不等,大多数是男性[53/56(94.64%)]。受害者是 58 人,大多数是乌干达人[41/58(73.21%)],平均年龄为 33.5±8.81 岁。在这三个主要结果中,国家之间存在统计学显著差异(χ=23.88,p<0.001),犯罪者的年龄(F=8.59,p=0.005)也存在统计学显著差异。在受害者的年龄与受害者人数之间存在显著差异(F=10.37,p=0.002)。在受害者中,犯罪者的安全类型和受害者的国籍(χ=24.18,p<0.001)存在统计学差异,乌干达人有更多受害者是陆军军官,而肯尼亚人是警察。简短的事件描述指向关系功能障碍、酒精/物质滥用、故意伤害和财务分歧,作为潜在的原因。只有两名犯罪者被报告有与心理健康相关的问题。
结论:本研究表明,媒体报道的安全人员与枪支有关的自杀、他杀和杀人自杀事件通常涉及男性。在乌干达,犯罪者主要是陆军军官,而在肯尼亚,犯罪者主要是警察。犯罪者中没有经常报告有心理健康问题。我们建议加强和执行安全人员的枪支管制政策,以遏制这些国家日益严重的问题。建议对安全人员进行心理健康问题的常规筛查,以便进行早期干预。
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