Impact of microparticles released during murine systemic inflammation on macrophage activity and reactive nitrogen species regulation.

Microparticles (MPs) packaged with numerous bioactive molecules are essential vehicles in cellular communication in various pathological conditions, including systemic inflammation, Whereas MPs are studied mostly upon isolation, their detection in vivo is limited. Impact of MPs might depend on target cell type and cargo they carry; thus herein, we aimed at verifying MPs' impact on macrophages. Unlike neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages are rather inactive during sepsis, and we hypothesized this might be at least partially controlled by MPs. For the above reasons, we focused on the detection of MPs with intravital microscopy (IVM) and report the presence of putative neutrophil-derived MPs in the vasculature of cremaster muscle of endotoxemic mice. Subsequently, we characterized MPs isolated not only from their blood but also from the peritoneal cavity and observed differences in their size, concentration, and cargo. Such MPs were then used to study their impact on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line performance (cell viability/activity, cytokines, oxygen, and nitrogen reactive species). Addition of MPs to macrophages with or without co-stimulation with lipopolysaccharide did not affect respiratory burst, somewhat decreased mitochondrial activity but increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and NO production especially in case of plasma-derived MPs. The latter MPs carried more iNOS-controlling ceruloplasmin than those discharged into the peritoneal cavity. We conclude that MPs can be detected in vivo with IVM and their cellular origin identified. They are heterogeneous in nature depending on the site of their release. Consequently, microparticles released during systemic inflammation to various body compartments differentially affect macrophages.