Ouyang Hui, Wang Lan, Sapkota Deepak, Yang My, Morán José, Li Li, Olson Bernard A, Schwartz Mark, Hogan Christopher J, Torremorell Montserrat
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States.
Front Vet Sci. 2023 Nov 14;10:1291312. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1291312. eCollection 2023.
Transmission of infectious agents via aerosols is an ever-present concern in animal agriculture production settings, as the aerosol route to disease transmission can lead to difficult-to-control and costly diseases, such as porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus and influenza A virus. It is increasingly necessary to implement control technologies to mitigate aerosol-based disease transmission. Here, we review currently utilized and prospective future aerosol control technologies to collect and potentially inactivate pathogens in aerosols, with an emphasis on technologies that can be incorporated into mechanically driven (forced air) ventilation systems to prevent aerosol-based disease spread from facility to facility. Broadly, we find that control technologies can be grouped into three categories: (1) currently implemented technologies; (2) scaled technologies used in industrial and medical settings; and (3) emerging technologies. Category (1) solely consists of fibrous filter media, which have been demonstrated to reduce the spread of PRRSV between swine production facilities. We review the mechanisms by which filters function and are rated (minimum efficiency reporting values). Category (2) consists of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), used industrially to collect aerosol particles in higher flow rate systems, and ultraviolet C (UV-C) systems, used in medical settings to inactivate pathogens. Finally, category (3) consists of a variety of technologies, including ionization-based systems, microwaves, and those generating reactive oxygen species, often with the goal of pathogen inactivation in aerosols. As such technologies are typically first tested through varied means at the laboratory scale, we additionally review control technology testing techniques at various stages of development, from laboratory studies to field demonstration, and in doing so, suggest uniform testing and report standards are needed. Testing standards should consider the cost-benefit of implementing the technologies applicable to the livestock species of interest. Finally, we examine economic models for implementing aerosol control technologies, defining the collected infectious particles per unit energy demand.
在畜牧生产环境中，通过气溶胶传播传染因子一直是人们关注的问题，因为通过气溶胶途径传播疾病可能导致难以控制且成本高昂的疾病，如猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和甲型流感病毒。实施控制技术以减轻基于气溶胶的疾病传播变得越来越必要。在此，我们综述了当前使用的和未来可能的气溶胶控制技术，这些技术用于收集并可能灭活气溶胶中的病原体，重点关注可纳入机械驱动（强制通风）通风系统以防止基于气溶胶的疾病在不同设施间传播的技术。总体而言，我们发现控制技术可分为三类：（1）当前已实施的技术；（2）在工业和医疗环境中使用的规模化技术；（3）新兴技术。第（1）类仅包括纤维过滤介质，已证明其可减少猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒在养猪生产设施间的传播。我们综述了过滤器发挥作用的机制及其评级（最低效率报告值）。第（2）类包括工业上用于在高流速系统中收集气溶胶颗粒的静电除尘器（ESP），以及医疗环境中用于灭活病原体的紫外线C（UV-C）系统。最后，第（3）类包括多种技术，包括基于电离的系统、微波以及那些产生活性氧物质的技术，其目标通常是使气溶胶中的病原体失活。由于此类技术通常首先在实验室规模通过多种方式进行测试，我们还综述了从实验室研究到现场示范等不同开发阶段的控制技术测试技术，并在此过程中建议需要统一的测试和报告标准。测试标准应考虑实施适用于相关畜牧物种的技术的成本效益。最后，我们研究了实施气溶胶控制技术的经济模型，定义了单位能量需求下收集的感染性颗粒数量。
