Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Ave Powstańców Warszawy 6, Poland.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Feb 20;912:169221. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169221. Epub 2023 Dec 14.
The dynamic price increases of fertilizers and the generation of organic waste are currently global issues. The growth of the population has led to increased production of solid municipal waste and a higher demand for food. Food production is inherently related to agriculture and, to achieve higher yields, it is necessary to replenish the soil with essential minerals. A synergistic approach that addresses both problems is the implementation of the composting process, which aligns with the principles of a circular economy. Food waste, green waste, paper waste, cardboard waste, and animal manure are promising feedstock materials for the extraction of valuable compounds. This review discusses key factors that influence the composting process and compares them with the input materials' parameters. It also considers methods for optimizing the process, such as the use of biochar and inoculation, which result in the production of the final product in a significantly shorter time and at lower financial costs. The applications of composts produced from various materials are described along with associated risks. In addition, innovative composting technologies are presented.
肥料的动态价格上涨和有机废物的产生是当前的全球性问题。人口的增长导致固体城市废物的产量增加，对食物的需求也更高。粮食生产与农业息息相关，为了提高产量，需要用必需的矿物质来补充土壤。一种同时解决这两个问题的协同方法是实施堆肥过程，这符合循环经济的原则。食物垃圾、绿色垃圾、纸张垃圾、纸板垃圾和动物粪便都是有前途的提取有价值化合物的原料。本文讨论了影响堆肥过程的关键因素，并将其与输入材料的参数进行了比较。还考虑了优化该过程的方法，例如使用生物炭和接种，这可以显著缩短最终产品的生产时间并降低财务成本。还描述了各种材料制成的堆肥的应用及其相关风险。此外，还提出了创新的堆肥技术。
