Bonato G, Goodman S P J, Tjh Lathlean
Exercise and Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, The University of New England, Armidale, 2350, Australia.
College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia.
Curr Res Physiol. 2023 Nov 25;6:100113. doi: 10.1016/j.crphys.2023.100113. eCollection 2023.
Altitude training has become an important training application for athletes due its potential for altering physiology and enhancing performance. This practice is commonly used by athletes, with a popular choice being the live high - train low approach. This model recommends that athletes live at high altitude (1250-3000 m), but train at low altitude or sea-level (0-1200 m). Exposure to altitude often leads to hypoxic stress and in turn stimulates changes in total haemoglobin mass, erythropoietin, and soluble transferrin receptors, which alter further underlying physiology. Through enhanced physiology, improved exercise performance may arise through enhancement of the oxygen transport system which is important for endurance events. Previous investigations into the effects of altitude training on exercise performance have been completed in a range of contexts, including running, cycling, swimming, and triathlon. Often following a LHTL altitude intervention, athletes realise improvements in maximal oxygen consumption capacity, time trial performance and peak power outputs. Although heterogeneity exists among LHTL methodologies, i.e., exposure durations and altitude ranges, we synthesised this data into kilometre hours, and found that the most common hypoxic doses used in LHTL interventions ranged from ∼578-687 km h. As this narrative review demonstrates, there are potential advantages to using altitude training to enhance physiology and improve performance for endurance athletes.
由于高原训练在改变生理机能和提高运动成绩方面具有潜力，它已成为运动员重要的训练方式。这种训练方法被运动员广泛采用，其中一种流行的选择是“高住低练”模式。该模式建议运动员在高海拔地区（1250 - 3000米）生活，但在低海拔地区或海平面（0 - 1200米）进行训练。暴露于高原环境通常会导致低氧应激，进而刺激总血红蛋白量、促红细胞生成素和可溶性转铁蛋白受体发生变化，这些变化会进一步改变潜在的生理机能。通过改善生理机能，耐力项目中至关重要的氧运输系统得到增强，从而可能提高运动成绩。此前关于高原训练对运动成绩影响的研究已在包括跑步、自行车、游泳和铁人三项等多种情境下完成。通常在进行“高住低练”的高原干预后，运动员的最大摄氧量能力、计时赛成绩和峰值功率输出会有所提高。尽管“高住低练”方法存在异质性，即暴露持续时间和海拔范围不同，但我们将这些数据综合为千米小时，发现“高住低练”干预中最常用的低氧剂量范围约为578 - 687千米小时。正如本叙述性综述所示，对于耐力运动员而言，利用高原训练来改善生理机能和提高运动成绩具有潜在优势。
