Divide et Vinces, Therapeutic Apheresis in Nephrological Clinical Practice.

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) or plasmapheresis has been used in various life-threatening diseases as a primary treatment or in combination with other therapies. It was first successfully employed in the 1960s for diseases like Waldenström's disease and myeloma. Since then, TPE techniques using apheresis membranes have been introduced. Apheresis therapies separate plasma components from blood using membrane screening or centrifugation methods. TPE aims to remove substances involved in the pathophysiology of diseases. It selectively removes high-molecular-weight molecules, substances with prolonged half-life, and those associated with disease pathogenesis. TPE can be performed using membranes or centrifugation, with replacement of extracted plasma volume using albumin or fresh frozen plasma. TPE requires specific competencies in nephrology and can be prescribed and monitored by nephrologists and performed by dialysis nursing staff. TPE can be combined with adsorption-based therapies to enhance its effect, and this approach is called plasma filtration adsorption. Another variation is double plasma filtration, which selectively removes substances based on molecular size. TPE can also be combined with lipoprotein removal strategies for managing familial hypercholesterolemia. TPE is an affordable extracorporeal therapy that benefits patients with life-threatening diseases. It requires collaboration between nephrologists and other specialists, and our results demonstrate successful TPE without anticoagulation in general hospitalization or outpatient settings.