Synthesis of 3-formyl-eudistomin U with anti-proliferation, anti-migration and apoptosis-promoting activities on melanoma cells.

The discovery of new lead skeleton against melanoma are urgently needed due to its highly malignant and mortality. Herein, a new molecular entity (EU-5) derived from eudistomin U was synthesized with total yield of 46%, which displayed potent activity against malignant melanoma A375 cells (IC = 4.4 µM), no hemolytic toxicity and good physicochemical properties in silico. Colony formation and cell cycle arrest assays revealed that EU-5 suppressed cell proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Wound healing and transwell assays suggested that EU-5 could effectively inhibit migration of A375 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Calcein-AM/PI staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcriptomics, quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‑PCR), spectrometric titration and molecular docking assays indicated that EU-5 could activate p53 signaling pathway and trigger mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis. Taken together, this study provided a promising lead structure for the design of a new generation of anti-melanoma drugs.