Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
Viruses. 2023 Dec 6;15(12):2387. doi: 10.3390/v15122387.
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a non-pathogenic virus that is highly prevalent among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Its circulating load is associated with an immunological status in KTR and is considered a promising tool for guiding immunosuppression. To allow for optimal guidance, it is important to identify other determinants of TTV load. We aimed to investigate the potential association of smoking and alcohol intake with TTV load. For this cross-sectional study, serum TTV load was measured using PCR in stable kidney transplant recipients at ≥1 year after transplantation, and smoking status and alcohol intake were assessed through questionnaires and measurements of urinary cotinine and ethyl glucuronide. A total of 666 KTRs were included (57% male). A total of 549 KTR (82%) had a detectable TTV load (3.1 ± 1.5 log copies/mL). In KTR with a detectable TTV load, cyclosporin and tacrolimus use were positively associated with TTV load (St. β = 0.46, < 0.001 and St. β = 0.66, < 0.001, respectively), independently of adjustment for potential confounders. Current smoking and alcohol intake of >20 g/day were negatively associated with TTV load (St. β = -0.40, = 0.004 and St. β = -0.33, = 0.009, respectively), independently of each other and of adjustment for age, sex, kidney function, time since transplantation and calcineurin inhibitor use. This strong association of smoking and alcohol intake with TTV suggests a need to account for the smoking status and alcohol intake when applying TTV guided immunosuppression in KTR.
扭结-张力病毒（TTV）是一种非致病性病毒，在肾移植受者（KTR）中高度流行。其循环负荷与 KTR 的免疫状态相关，被认为是指导免疫抑制的有前途的工具。为了进行最佳指导，确定 TTV 负荷的其他决定因素很重要。我们旨在研究吸烟和饮酒与 TTV 负荷的潜在关联。这项横断面研究在移植后至少 1 年的稳定肾移植受者中使用 PCR 测量血清 TTV 负荷，并通过问卷调查和尿液可替宁和乙基葡萄糖醛酸苷测量来评估吸烟状况和饮酒量。共纳入 666 例 KTR（57%为男性）。共有 549 例 KTR（82%）可检测到 TTV 负荷（3.1±1.5log 拷贝/mL）。在可检测到 TTV 负荷的 KTR 中，环孢素和他克莫司的使用与 TTV 负荷呈正相关（St.β=0.46，<0.001 和 St.β=0.66，<0.001），独立于对潜在混杂因素的调整。当前吸烟和每日饮酒量>20g 与 TTV 负荷呈负相关（St.β=-0.40，=0.004 和 St.β=-0.33，=0.009），相互独立，且独立于年龄、性别、肾功能、移植后时间和钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂的使用进行调整。吸烟和饮酒与 TTV 的这种强烈关联表明，在 KTR 中应用 TTV 指导的免疫抑制时，需要考虑吸烟状况和饮酒量。
