Barbosa Miguel, Costa Pedro Reis, David Helena, Lage Sandra, Amorim Ana
MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077, Lisboa, Portugal; S2AQUA - Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194, Olhão, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
Mar Environ Res. 2024 Feb;194:106321. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106321. Epub 2023 Dec 27.
The dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum and Lingulodinium polyedra are potential yessotoxin (YTX) producers, which have been associated with blooms responsible for economic, social, and ecological impacts around the world. They occur in Iberian waters, but in this region, little is known of their ecophysiology and toxin profiles. This study investigated the growth and toxin production of two strains of each species, from the Portuguese coast, at 15 °C, 19 °C, and 23 °C. Growth curves showed higher growth rates at 19 °C, for both species. YTX and three analogs (homo YTX; 45-OH YTX; 45-OH homo YTX) were investigated by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the presence of other analogs was investigated by Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). No evidence of toxin production was found in L. polyedra. By contrast, YTX and 45,55-diOH-YTX were detected in both strains of P. reticulatum. These results confirm P. reticulatum as a source of yessotoxins along the Portuguese coast and add to the observed high intraspecific variability on YTX production of both species, at a global scale.
海洋甲藻网纹原角藻（Protoceratium reticulatum）和多面舌藻（Lingulodinium polyedra）是潜在的虾夷毒素（YTX）产生者，它们与在世界各地造成经济、社会和生态影响的藻华有关。它们出现在伊比利亚海域，但在该地区，人们对它们的生态生理学和毒素谱了解甚少。本研究调查了来自葡萄牙海岸的这两个物种各两个菌株在15℃、19℃和23℃下的生长情况和毒素产生情况。生长曲线表明，两个物种在19℃时生长速率更高。通过液相色谱 - 串联质谱法（LC - MS/MS）对YTX和三种类似物（高同型YTX；45 - 羟基YTX；45 - 羟基高同型YTX）进行了研究，并通过液相色谱 - 高分辨率质谱法（LC - HRMS）对其他类似物的存在情况进行了研究。在多面舌藻中未发现毒素产生的证据。相比之下，在网纹原角藻的两个菌株中均检测到了YTX和45,55 - 二羟基YTX。这些结果证实了网纹原角藻是葡萄牙海岸虾夷毒素的一个来源，并进一步证明了在全球范围内观察到的这两个物种YTX产生的种内高度变异性。
