State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Ecological Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Ecological Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China.
J Chromatogr A. 2024 Jan 25;1715:464627. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464627. Epub 2023 Dec 30.
Psychotropic medications are one of the most prescribed pharmaceuticals in the world. Given their frequent detection and ecotoxicity to the no-target organism, the emission of these medications into environments has gradually draw attention. The study developed a sensitive and reliable analytic method to simultaneously investigate 47 psychotropic medications in four matrices: wastewater, surface water, activated sludge, and sediment by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). These 47 target analytes include 24 antidepressants, 17 antianxiety drugs, 5 anticonvulsants, and 1 relevant hormone. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed to extract analytes from water-phase samples. Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction method with Enhanced Matrix Removal clean-up (USE-EMR) was utilized to extract target compounds from solid-phase samples, which requires more straightforward and convenient procedures than previous methods. The extraction recoveries of all analytes ranged from 80 % to 120 % in these four sample matrices. In this study, The limit of quantitation for 47 psychotropic medications were 0.15 ng/L (estazolam) to 2.27 ng/L (lorazepam), 0.08 ng/L (desvenlafaxine) to 2 ng/L (mianserin), 0.22 ng/g (dry weight, dw) (nordiazepam) to 3.65 ng/g (dw) (lorazepam), and 0.07 ng/g (dw) (carbamazepine) to 2.85 ng/g (lorazepam), in wastewater, surface water, sludge, and sediment, respectively. In addition, the developed method was employed to analyse actual samples in two wastewater treatment plants and their receiving rivers. Carbamazepine, escitalopram, clozapine, desvenlafaxine, diazepam, lamotrigine, sertraline, temazepam, and venlafaxine were nearly ubiquitous in all matrices. Moreover, this study indicated that the inadequate removal efficiencies of psychotropic medications in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) had resulted in a persistent discharge of these contaminants from human sources into environments.
精神类药物是世界上使用最广泛的药物之一。鉴于它们经常被检出且对非靶标生物具有生态毒性，这些药物向环境中的排放逐渐引起了人们的关注。本研究开发了一种灵敏可靠的分析方法，可同时检测四种基质中的 47 种精神类药物：废水、地表水、活性污泥和沉积物，采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法（UPLC-ESI-MS/MS）。这 47 种目标分析物包括 24 种抗抑郁药、17 种抗焦虑药、5 种抗惊厥药和 1 种相关激素。采用固相萃取（SPE）从水样中提取分析物。采用超声溶剂萃取-增强基质去除净化法（USE-EMR）从固相样品中提取目标化合物，与以前的方法相比，该方法更直接、更方便。在这四种样品基质中，所有分析物的提取回收率均在 80%至 120%之间。在本研究中，47 种精神类药物的定量限为 0.15ng/L（依替唑仑）至 2.27ng/L（劳拉西泮），0.08ng/L（去甲文拉法辛）至 2ng/L（米氮平），0.22ng/g（干重，dw）（去甲安定）至 3.65ng/g（dw）（劳拉西泮）和 0.07ng/g（dw）（卡马西平）至 2.85ng/g（劳拉西泮），分别在废水中、地表水中、污泥中和沉积物中。此外，该方法还用于分析两个污水处理厂及其受纳河流中的实际样品。卡马西平、依西酞普兰、氯氮平、去甲文拉法辛、地西泮、拉莫三嗪、舍曲林、替马西泮和文拉法辛在所有基质中几乎都普遍存在。此外，本研究表明，污水处理厂（WWTP）对精神类药物去除效率不足，导致这些污染物从人为源持续排放到环境中。
