Ghosh Abhinandan, Nagar Pavan Kumar, Maddhesia Jyoti, Sharma Mukesh, Azmi Sahir, Singh Brajesh, Dutta Monami
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Mar 1;914:169865. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169865. Epub 2024 Jan 3.
A district-wise emission inventory was made for the states and union territories (UTs) of the Indian Indo-Gangetic Plain for the base year of 2018 to estimate the emissions of PM from various sectors. In addition to conventional sectors, emissions from road dust, fossil-fuelled irrigation pumps, and construction dust were also taken into account. Total primary anthropogenic PM emission was estimated to be 3157.3 Gg (or kilo-tones) for the year 2018 of which 32 % originated from the industrial sector, 27 % from domestic fuel consumption, 23 % from open burning, 14 % from road dust, 2 % from vehicular and 2 % from various unorganized sectors. The highest emissions were observed during the premonsoon (1013 Gg/year) followed by postmonsoon (802Gg/year), winter (788 Gg/year), and lowest during the monsoon (554Gg/year). Among the states and UTs, Uttar Pradesh contributes the most in total emissions (39 %), followed by Punjab (19 %), Bihar (17 %), West Bengal (13 %), Haryana (11 %), Delhi (0.9 %) and Chandigarh (0.1 %). Emission for per capita and for billion-rupee of state gross domestic product (GDP) were the highest for Punjab and Haryana. Results have identified the districts of Punjab (Firozpur, Ludhiana, Jalandhar), scattered pockets of Uttar Pradesh (Sonbhadra, Agra, Varanasi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Prayagraj) and lower Gangetic delta (Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Burdwan, both 24-parganas and Murshidabad) as potent hotspots of cumulative PM emissions. On the other hand, the districts of Punjab (Faridkot, Mansa, Muktsar, Fatehgarh) were found to be the hotspots for per capita emissions. High emissions were observed from the domestic sector, brick kilns, and micro and small-scale industries, and regulating norms should be more stringent for these sectors. Such a study will be a value add for the policymakers and health experts to assess emission hot spots, pollution simulation, and associated mortality analysis of the region.
针对印度恒河平原各邦及联邦属地，以2018年为基准年进行了分区排放清单编制，以估算各部门的颗粒物排放。除传统部门外，道路扬尘、化石燃料灌溉泵及建筑扬尘的排放也被纳入考虑。2018年人为一次颗粒物排放总量估计为3157.3千兆克（或千吨），其中32%来自工业部门，27%来自家庭燃料消费，23%来自露天焚烧，14%来自道路扬尘，2%来自车辆，2%来自各类无组织部门。季风来临前排放最高（每年1013千兆克），其次是季风过后（802千兆克/年）、冬季（788千兆克/年），季风期间排放最低（554千兆克/年）。在各邦及联邦属地中，北方邦的总排放量占比最大（39%），其次是旁遮普邦（19%）、比哈尔邦（17%）、西孟加拉邦（13%）、哈里亚纳邦（11%）、德里（0.9%）和昌迪加尔（0.1%）。旁遮普邦和哈里亚纳邦的人均排放量及每十亿卢比邦国内生产总值（GDP）的排放量最高。研究结果确定旁遮普邦的一些地区（菲罗兹布尔、卢迪亚纳、贾朗达尔）、北方邦的零散区域（孙伯德拉、阿格拉、瓦拉纳西、坎普尔、勒克瑙、普拉亚格拉吉）以及恒河下游三角洲（加亚、穆扎法尔布尔、布尔杜万、北24区和穆尔希达巴德）是累积颗粒物排放的潜在热点地区。另一方面，旁遮普邦的一些地区（法里德科特、曼萨、穆克萨尔、法塔赫加尔）被发现是人均排放热点地区。家庭部门、砖窑以及微型和小型工业排放较高，应对这些部门实施更严格的监管规范。这样的研究将有助于政策制定者和健康专家评估该地区的排放热点、污染模拟以及相关死亡率分析。
