Ginting Moses Gregory, Reguyal Febelyn, Cecilia Valentina Maria, Wang Kun, Sarmah Ajit K
Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Mar 1;914:169875. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169875. Epub 2024 Jan 5.
Indonesia plans to mitigate the environmental emissions, particularly the carbon emissions, from the transport by replacing conventional buses with battery electric buses (BEBs). However, there are limited studies on the potential environmental benefits of BEBs and mostly focused on carbon emissions. In this study, the environmental impacts of adopting BEBs in Jakarta's public transportation system were examined using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to better understand its potential environmental impacts. Using LCA, the environmental impacts of BEBs were also compared with conventional buses across their life cycles, which included raw materials extraction until the end of life stages. The results showed diesel buses have generally lower environmental impacts than BEBs due to the high share of fossil fuels in the electricity generation in Indonesia. Scenario analysis showed that extending the life cycle, using different battery disposal methods, and using battery reuse could lead to higher environmental benefits in using BEBs. Among the scenarios considered in the study, prolonging the lifespan of the bus to 32 years, using electricity mix with a higher share of renewable energy and reusing the lithium-ion batteries, BEBs would have lesser environmental impact per kilometre. In particular, the particulate matter formation (PM) dropped 21 %, while the overall life cycle of BEB using the highest renewable scenario showed an average of 25 % improvement compared to the baseline scenario regarding environmental impact.
印度尼西亚计划通过用电动公交车（BEB）取代传统公交车来减少交通运输产生的环境排放，尤其是碳排放。然而，关于电动公交车潜在环境效益的研究有限，且大多集中在碳排放方面。在本研究中，采用生命周期评估（LCA）方法考察了在雅加达公共交通系统中采用电动公交车的环境影响，以更好地了解其潜在环境影响。利用生命周期评估方法，还比较了电动公交车与传统公交车在其整个生命周期（包括原材料提取直至报废阶段）的环境影响。结果表明，由于印度尼西亚发电中化石燃料占比高，柴油公交车的环境影响总体上低于电动公交车。情景分析表明，延长生命周期、采用不同的电池处置方法以及电池再利用，可能会在使用电动公交车时带来更高的环境效益。在该研究考虑的情景中，将公交车使用寿命延长至32年、使用可再生能源占比更高的电力组合并对锂离子电池进行再利用，电动公交车每公里的环境影响将更小。特别是，颗粒物形成（PM）下降了21%，而在使用最高可再生能源情景下，电动公交车的整个生命周期在环境影响方面相比基准情景平均改善了25%。
