Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Molecules. 2023 Dec 22;29(1):88. doi: 10.3390/molecules29010088.
Obesity is coupled with an altered redox state and low-level inflammation. Oxidative stress may increase pre-adipocyte proliferation, adipocyte differentiation and mature adipocyte size. Regarding inflammation, the dysregulation of cytokine production by adipose tissue takes place in obesity, which is promoted by oxidative stress. Polyphenols may exert a positive effect on obesity, not only by modulating the redox state, but also due to their anti-inflammatory activity. Coffee, which is one of the most consumed beverages, is very rich in phenolic compounds. Bioavailability studies on coffee phenols have shown that the most abundant group of metabolites in plasma and urine are dihydrocaffeic (DHCA), dihydroferulic (DHFA), and hydroxyhippuric (HHA) acids, the three acids of colonic origin. To better understand the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of DHCA, DHFA, and HHA, an inflammation/oxidation model was set up in the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 cell line using tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). After the exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µM of TNF-α at different times, the cell viability, interleukin (IL)-6 secretion, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Using the TNF-α prooxidant and proinflammatory conditions established (10 µM, 24 h), it was observed that the physiological concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 µM) of DHCA, DHFA, and HHA induced dose-dependent antioxidant effects according to the ROS, GSH, and antioxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase) results. In addition, reductions in the IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) concentrations were observed to different extents depending on the metabolite (DHFA, HHA, or DHCA) and the concentration used. In conclusion, the main colonic metabolites from coffee chlorogenic acids may counteract TNF-α-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the 3T3-L1 cell line, and thus, they present antiobesity potential.
肥胖与氧化还原状态改变和低度炎症有关。氧化应激可能会增加前脂肪细胞增殖、脂肪细胞分化和成熟脂肪细胞的大小。关于炎症,肥胖时脂肪组织细胞因子产生失调,这是由氧化应激促进的。多酚可能对肥胖产生积极影响,不仅通过调节氧化还原状态,还因为其抗炎活性。咖啡是最常饮用的饮料之一,富含酚类化合物。对咖啡酚的生物利用度研究表明,血浆和尿液中最丰富的代谢物组是二羟咖啡酸(DHCA)、二羟阿魏酸(DHFA)和羟基马尿酸(HHA),这三种酸来源于结肠。为了更好地理解 DHCA、DHFA 和 HHA 的抗氧化和抗炎特性,在使用肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的前脂肪细胞 3T3-L1 细胞系中建立了炎症/氧化模型。在 3T3-L1 细胞暴露于不同时间的 0.5、1、5 和 10 µM TNF-α后,测定细胞活力、白细胞介素(IL)-6 分泌以及活性氧(ROS)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的产生。使用建立的 TNF-α促氧化剂和促炎条件(10 µM,24 h),观察到 DHCA、DHFA 和 HHA 的生理浓度(0.5、1、5 和 10 µM)根据 ROS、GSH 和抗氧化酶(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)的结果诱导剂量依赖性的抗氧化作用。此外,根据代谢物(DHFA、HHA 或 DHCA)和使用的浓度,观察到 IL-1β、IL-6 和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)浓度不同程度的降低。总之,咖啡绿原酸的主要结肠代谢物可能会抵抗 3T3-L1 细胞系中 TNF-α 诱导的炎症和氧化应激,因此具有抗肥胖潜力。