Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec 22;25(1):223. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010223.
Selenocysteine (Sec) was discovered as the 21st genetically encoded amino acid. In nature, site-directed incorporation of Sec into proteins requires specialized biosynthesis and recoding machinery that evolved distinctly in bacteria compared to archaea and eukaryotes. Many organisms, including higher plants and most fungi, lack the Sec-decoding trait. We review the discovery of Sec and its role in redox enzymes that are essential to human health and important targets in disease. We highlight recent genetic code expansion efforts to engineer site-directed incorporation of Sec in bacteria and yeast. We also review methods to produce selenoproteins with 21 or more amino acids and approaches to delivering recombinant selenoproteins to mammalian cells as new applications for selenoproteins in synthetic biology.
硒代半胱氨酸（Sec）被发现为第 21 种遗传编码氨基酸。在自然界中，需要专门的生物合成和重编码机制将 Sec 定向掺入蛋白质中，这种机制在细菌中与古菌和真核生物明显不同。许多生物，包括高等植物和大多数真菌，都缺乏 Sec 解码特性。我们回顾了 Sec 的发现及其在氧化还原酶中的作用，这些酶对人类健康至关重要，也是疾病的重要靶点。我们重点介绍了最近为在细菌和酵母中进行定点掺入 Sec 而进行的遗传密码扩展工作。我们还回顾了生产含有 21 个或更多氨基酸的硒蛋白的方法，以及将重组硒蛋白递送至哺乳动物细胞的方法，这些方法为合成生物学中的硒蛋白提供了新的应用。
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