Zhang Xu, Peng Zifang, Hou Shijiao, Sun Qiannan, Yuan Hang, Yin Dan, Zhang Wenfen, Zhang Yanhao, Tang Jianwei, Zhang Shusheng, Cai Zongwei
School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
J Hazard Mater. 2024 Mar 5;465:133409. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133409. Epub 2023 Dec 30.
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants are heavily used for protection of commercial rubber products (e.g., vehicle tire), resulting in their widespread contamination in ecosystem. PPD-quinones (PPDQs), the toxic quinone derivatives of PPDs, are also discovered as novel environmental pollutants. However, the contamination characteristics of PPDs/PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow (without deposition on the Earth surface) have seldom been studied. This work first reports the broad distributions of PPDs and PPDQs in fresh atmospheric snow collected from seven Chinese urban areas. Individual median values of detected concentrations were in the ranges of 0.4 to 260 pg g (PPDs) and 0.7 to 104 pg g (PPDQs). The concentration deviation by long-term deposition on the ground was eliminated. In most sampling regions, wearing of vehicle rubber tires was possibly responsible for spatial-dependent PPDs' pollution level variations, and high concentrations of PPDs promoted PPDQs' formation in snow from atmosphere. Yet, excessive O may further oxidize and reduce PPDQs in atmospheric fresh snow from Zhengzhou, which is different from previous research. Furthermore, snowfall was noticed might amplify concentrations of three PPDs and PPDQs in an inland lake, which possibly worsen corresponding pollution in water system. Current study elucidates the potential impacts of snow-bound PPDs/PPDQs on ecosystems should not be underestimated.
对苯二胺（PPD）抗氧化剂大量用于保护商用橡胶产品（如汽车轮胎），导致其在生态系统中广泛污染。PPD的有毒醌衍生物PPD-醌（PPDQ）也被发现是新型环境污染物。然而，新鲜大气雪中（未沉积在地球表面）PPD/PPDQ的污染特征鲜有研究。这项工作首次报道了从中国七个城市地区采集的新鲜大气雪中PPD和PPDQ的广泛分布。检测浓度的个体中位数在0.4至260 pg/g（PPD）和0.7至104 pg/g（PPDQ）范围内。消除了长期沉积在地面上造成的浓度偏差。在大多数采样区域，汽车橡胶轮胎的磨损可能是导致PPD污染水平随空间变化的原因，高浓度的PPD促进了大气中雪中PPDQ的形成。然而，过量的O可能会进一步氧化和还原来自郑州的大气新鲜雪中的PPDQ，这与之前的研究不同。此外，降雪可能会放大内陆湖中三种PPD和PPDQ的浓度，这可能会加剧水系统中的相应污染。当前研究表明，雪中PPD/PPDQ对生态系统的潜在影响不应被低估。
