Department of Technique and Food Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 c, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science. University of Santiago de Compostela. 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science. University of Santiago de Compostela. 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Anal Chim Acta. 2024 Feb 1;1288:342164. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342164. Epub 2023 Dec 22.
Infant formulae are the only possible alternative to breastfeeding during the first year of life, so it is crucial to assure their innocuousness. Infant formula undergoes heat treatments to ensure safety and shelf life. However, such processes impact health as they lead to the formation of malondialdehyde, acrolein, and α-dicarbonyl compounds, related to Maillard reaction. Thus, there is a need for improved analytical methods to ensure the safety, quality, and nutritional value of infant formulae, and also exploring the potential of specific compounds as indicators for quality control and monitoring purposes. We developed and validated a novel, efficient, and cost-effective method using gas-diffusion microextraction for the simultaneous quantification of carbonyl compounds in infant formula. Malondialdehyde, acrolein, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl were detected as o-phenylenediamine derivatives using HPLC with UV detection. Parameters influencing extraction efficiency were studied using an asymmetric screening design. The validated method has shown excellent linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. It was applied to analyze 26 infant formula samples, including starter, follow-up, and special formulated powdered infant formula. Methylglyoxal was found in all samples (0.201-3.153 μg mL), while malondialdehyde was present only in certain starter formulas (1.033-1.802 μg mL). Acrolein (0.510-3.246 μg mL), glyoxal (0.109-1.253 μg mL), and diacetyl (0.119-2.001 μg mL) were detected in various sample types. Principal components and hierarchical cluster analyses have showcased distinct sample clustering based on analyte contents. This study presents a novel methodology for the analysis of markers of thermal treatment and oxidative stability in infant formula. It contributes to the characterization of the products' composition and quality control of infant formulae, thereby enhancing their safety and nutritional adequacy. This study also presents the first reported quantification of acrolein in infant formula and introduces the application of the acrolein-o-phenylenediamine derivative for food analysis.
婴儿配方奶粉是婴儿生命的第一年除母乳喂养外唯一可能的选择，因此确保其无害性至关重要。婴儿配方奶粉经过热处理以确保安全性和保质期。然而，这些过程会对健康产生影响，因为它们会导致丙二醛、丙烯醛和α-二羰基化合物的形成，这些化合物与美拉德反应有关。因此，需要改进分析方法来确保婴儿配方奶粉的安全性、质量和营养价值，并探索特定化合物作为质量控制和监测目的的指标的潜力。我们开发并验证了一种使用气体扩散微萃取同时定量婴儿配方奶粉中羰基化合物的新颖、高效和具有成本效益的方法。使用 HPLC 结合紫外检测，将丙二醛、丙烯醛、乙二醛、甲基乙二醛和双乙酰检测为邻苯二胺衍生物。使用非对称筛选设计研究了影响萃取效率的参数。验证后的方法表现出极好的线性、灵敏度、准确性和精密度。它被应用于分析 26 个婴儿配方奶粉样品，包括起始配方、后续配方和特殊配方的粉状婴儿配方奶粉。所有样品中均检测到甲基乙二醛（0.201-3.153μg/mL），而仅在某些起始配方中存在丙二醛（1.033-1.802μg/mL）。在各种样品类型中均检测到丙烯醛（0.510-3.246μg/mL）、乙二醛（0.109-1.253μg/mL）和双乙酰（0.119-2.001μg/mL）。主成分和层次聚类分析根据分析物含量展示了不同的样品聚类。本研究提出了一种用于分析婴儿配方奶粉热处理和氧化稳定性标志物的新方法。它有助于产品成分的表征和婴儿配方奶粉的质量控制，从而提高其安全性和营养充足性。本研究还首次报道了婴儿配方奶粉中丙烯醛的定量，并介绍了丙烯醛-邻苯二胺衍生物在食品分析中的应用。
