Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2024 Nov;44(7):1422-1438. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2291339. Epub 2024 Jan 16.
Heme, an iron-containing tetrapyrrole in hemoproteins, including: hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase, cytochrome c, and cytochrome P450, plays critical physiological roles in different organisms. Heme-derived chemicals, such as biliverdin, bilirubin, and phycocyanobilin, are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and have shown great potential in fighting viruses and diseases. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the biosynthesis of hemoproteins and heme derivatives, which depends on the adequate heme supply in various microbial cell factories. The enhancement of endogenous biosynthesis and exogenous uptake can improve the intracellular heme supply, but the excess free heme is toxic to the cells. Therefore, based on the heme-responsive regulators, several sensitive biosensors were developed to fine-tune the intracellular levels of heme. In this review, recent advances in the: biosynthesis, acquisition, regulation, and upcycling of heme were summarized to provide a solid foundation for the efficient production and application of high-value-added hemoproteins and heme derivatives.
血红素是一种含铁的四吡咯化合物，存在于多种血红素蛋白中，包括血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、过氧化氢酶、细胞色素 c 和细胞色素 P450 等，在不同的生物体中发挥着至关重要的生理作用。血红素衍生的化学物质，如胆绿素、胆红素和藻蓝胆素，具有抗氧化和抗炎特性，在抗病毒和疾病方面显示出巨大的潜力。因此，人们越来越关注血红素蛋白和血红素衍生物的生物合成，这取决于各种微生物细胞工厂中充足的血红素供应。通过增强内源性生物合成和外源性摄取，可以提高细胞内血红素的供应，但过量的游离血红素对细胞有毒害作用。因此，基于血红素响应调控因子，开发了几种敏感的生物传感器来精细调节细胞内血红素的水平。本综述总结了血红素的生物合成、获取、调控和再利用方面的最新进展，为高效生产和应用高附加值的血红素蛋白和血红素衍生物提供了坚实的基础。
