Photocatalytic Removal of Metronidazole Antibiotics from Water Using Novel Ag-N-SnO Nanohybrid Material.

In this study, we employed a straightforward synthetic approach using the sol-gel method to fabricate a novel photocatalyst, Ag and N co-doped SnO (Ag-N-SnO). The synthesized photocatalysts underwent characterization through various techniques including XRD, FTIR, FESEM-EDS, TEM, UV-vis DRS, BET, and XPS. The UV-vis DRS results confirmed a reduction in the bandgap energy of Ag-N-SnO, leading to enhanced absorption of visible light. Additionally, TEM data demonstrated a smaller particle size for Ag-N-SnO, and BET analysis revealed a significant increase in surface area compared to SnO.The efficiency of the Ag-N-SnO photocatalyst in degrading metronidazole (MNZ) under natural sunlight surpassed that of SnO. Under optimal conditions (Ag-N-SnO concentration of 0.4 g/L, MNZ concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 9, and 120 min of operation), the highest MNZ photocatalytic removal reached 97.03%. The reaction kinetics followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.026 min. Investigation into the mineralization of MNZ indicated a substantial decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) values, reaching around 56% in 3 h of sunlight exposure. To elucidate the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of MNZ with Ag-N-SnO, a scavenger test was employed which revealed the dominant role of O. The results demonstrated the reusability of Ag-N-SnO for up to four cycles, highlighting its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness as a photocatalyst.