Braak H, Braak E
Anat Embryol (Berl). 1987;175(3):315-30. doi: 10.1007/BF00309845.
The human hypothalamus can be divided into a chiasmatic region, a tuberal region, and a mamillary region. The chiasmatic region comprises the magnocellular neurosecretory nuclei, several nuclei that are mainly formed of small nerve cells, and an ill-defined nerve cell assembly referred to as the chiasmatic gray. Small to medium-sized bipolar nerve cells predominate in the chiasmatic gray. With the use of Nissl preparations counterstained for demonstration of lipofuscin pigment, four types of neurons have been distinguished. Type I cells contain coarse and intensely stained lipofuscin granules. Type II cells are characterized by dense accumulations of small granules. Type III neurons harbour only a fine scattering of dust-like granules while type IV neurons are devoid of pigment. Pigmentoarchitectonic analysis of the chiasmatic region reveals the presence of eight nuclei embedded in or partially surrounded by the chiasmatic gray. The intermediate nucleus is a small compact accumulation of non-pigmented nerve cells located at the level of the optic chiasm half way between the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus. The periventricular nucleus and the uncinate nucleus are mainly formed of small pigment-laden type I and type II cells and appear as an anterior, respectively lateral extension of the paraventricular nucleus. Besides non-specific small cells, three neuronal types can be distinguished in the paraventricular nucleus on account of characteristic differences in their pigmentation. The supraoptic nucleus is formed of only two types of nerve cells. The cuneiform nucleus extends from the supraoptic nucleus to the ependymal lining of the third ventricle separating the suprachiasmatic nucleus from the retrochiasmatic nucleus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus contains the smallest neurons of the region. Cells of this nucleus are devoid of lipofuscin pigment. The retrochiasmatic nucleus is formed of a heterogeneous population of small and unusually large nerve cells. Numerous melanin-containing nerve cells and accumulations of nerve cells belonging to the lateral tuberal nucleus can be encountered within the boundaries of this nucleus as well. The technique and the data presented provide a basis for investigations of the aged and the diseased human brain.
人类下丘脑可分为视交叉区、结节区和乳头体区。视交叉区包括大细胞神经分泌核、几个主要由小神经细胞构成的核，以及一个界限不清的神经细胞集合体，称为视交叉灰质。视交叉灰质中以中小型双极神经细胞为主。使用经苏木精复染以显示脂褐素色素的尼氏染色法，已区分出四种神经元类型。I型细胞含有粗大且染色强烈的脂褐素颗粒。II型细胞的特征是小颗粒密集堆积。III型神经元仅散在分布着细小的尘状颗粒，而IV型神经元则没有色素。对视交叉区的色素构筑分析显示，有八个核嵌入视交叉灰质或部分被其包围。中间核是位于视交叉水平、在室旁核和视上核之间中点的一小团紧密排列的无色素神经细胞。室周核和钩状核主要由含色素的I型和II型小细胞构成，分别表现为室旁核的前部和外侧延伸。除了非特异性小细胞外，根据色素沉着的特征差异，在室旁核中可区分出三种神经元类型。视上核仅由两种神经细胞构成。楔形核从视上核延伸至第三脑室的室管膜内衬，将视交叉上核与视交叉后核分隔开。视交叉上核含有该区域最小的神经元。该核的细胞没有脂褐素色素。视交叉后核由大小各异的小神经细胞和异常大的神经细胞组成。在该核的边界内还可发现许多含黑色素的神经细胞以及属于外侧结节核的神经细胞聚集。所呈现的技术和数据为研究老年和患病人类大脑提供了基础。
