Olanrewaju Olusegun A, Sheeba Fnu, Kumar Avinash, Ahmad Saad, Blank Narendar, Kumari Reema, Kumari Komal, Salame Tamara, Khalid Ayesha, Yousef Nazdar, Varrassi Giustino, Khatri Mahima, Kumar Satish, Mohamad Tamam
Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, NGA.
General Medicine, Stavropol State Medical University, Stavropol, RUS.
Cureus. 2023 Dec 27;15(12):e51151. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51151. eCollection 2023 Dec.
Diabetes mellitus, a widespread metabolic illness with increasing global occurrence, continues to have a significant impact on public health. Diabetes is a condition marked by long-term high blood sugar levels. It is caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, which lead to problems with insulin production and insulin resistance. This dysfunctional state disturbs the delicate balance of glucose regulation, promoting the emergence of problems in both large and small blood vessels that have a substantial impact on illness and death rates. Traditional therapy methods have traditionally given more importance to managing blood sugar levels by using insulin sensitizers, secretagogues, and other medications that lower glucose levels. Advancements in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of diabetes have led to a significant change in approach, focusing on comprehensive therapies that target not only high blood sugar levels but also the accompanying dangers to the heart and kidneys. This study examines the evolving field of diabetes therapies, explicitly highlighting the significance of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors. These two types of drugs have become essential components in modern diabetes management. GLP-1 receptor agonists replicate the effects of natural glucagon-like peptide-1, leading to insulin production that is reliant on glucose levels, reducing the release of glucagon, and providing cardiovascular advantages that go beyond controlling blood sugar levels. SGLT2 inhibitors, however, act on the process of renal glucose reabsorption, leading to increased excretion of glucose in the urine and showing significant benefits for cardiovascular and renal protection. This extensive investigation seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on diabetes therapies by synthesizing existing research. This review aims to provide clinicians, researchers, and policymakers with a comprehensive understanding of the disease background and the specific pharmacological details of GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and other related treatments. The goal is to assist them in developing more effective and personalized strategies to tackle the complex challenges presented by diabetes.
糖尿病是一种在全球范围内发病率不断上升的广泛存在的代谢性疾病，持续对公众健康产生重大影响。糖尿病是一种以长期高血糖水平为特征的病症。它由遗传、环境和生活方式等多种因素共同导致，这些因素会引发胰岛素分泌问题和胰岛素抵抗。这种功能失调状态扰乱了葡萄糖调节的微妙平衡，促使大小血管出现问题，对发病率和死亡率产生重大影响。传统治疗方法一直更注重通过使用胰岛素增敏剂、促分泌剂和其他降低血糖水平的药物来控制血糖水平。随着我们对糖尿病潜在机制理解的进步，治疗方法发生了重大转变，转向不仅针对高血糖水平，还针对心脏和肾脏伴随风险的综合治疗。本研究考察了糖尿病治疗领域的不断发展，特别强调了胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）受体激动剂和钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2（SGLT2）抑制剂的重要性。这两类药物已成为现代糖尿病管理的重要组成部分。GLP-1受体激动剂模拟天然胰高血糖素样肽-1的作用，使胰岛素分泌依赖于血糖水平，减少胰高血糖素的释放，并提供超出控制血糖水平的心血管益处。然而，SGLT2抑制剂作用于肾脏葡萄糖重吸收过程，导致尿中葡萄糖排泄增加，并对心血管和肾脏保护显示出显著益处。这项广泛的调查旨在通过综合现有研究，为正在进行的糖尿病治疗讨论做出贡献。本综述旨在为临床临床临床医生、研究人员和政策制定者提供对疾病背景以及GLP-1受体激动剂、SGLT2抑制剂和其他相关治疗的具体药理学细节的全面理解。目标是帮助他们制定更有效和个性化的策略，以应对糖尿病带来的复杂挑战。
