Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
Methods Mol Biol. 2024;2753:351-364. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_19.
The frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a standardized test used to assess the toxic and teratogenic effects of xenobiotics. With this test, toxic and/or teratogenic concentrations of xenobiotic substances can be determined using morphological parameters such as lethality, length, and malformations in stage 8-11 Xenopus laevis embryos after 96 h exposure. These parameters enable the determination of the median lethal and effective concentrations (LC and EC), minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG), and teratogenic index of the tested chemical to reveal the short-term effects of relatively high concentrations. On the other hand, although FETAX provides quantitative and qualitative data on teratogenicity and toxicity, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of these effects cannot be explained. Recent studies have tried to elucidate the mechanisms causing malformations and to explain the underlying causes of toxicity and teratogenicity by biochemical marker analysis. This chapter describes methods to analyze modified-FETAX and some detoxification and oxidative stress-related biomarkers during the early embryonic development of X. laevis.
青蛙胚胎致畸分析-爪蟾（FETAX）是一种标准化的测试，用于评估异种生物的毒性和致畸作用。在这项测试中，在暴露 96 小时后，可以使用形态学参数（如死亡率、长度和 8-11 期爪蟾胚胎的畸形）来确定异种物质的毒性和/或致畸浓度。这些参数可以确定测试化学物质的半数致死和有效浓度（LC 和 EC）、最小生长抑制浓度（MCIG）和致畸指数，以揭示相对较高浓度的短期影响。另一方面，虽然 FETAX 提供了关于致畸性和毒性的定量和定性数据，但这些影响的生化和分子机制尚无法解释。最近的研究试图通过生化标记物分析阐明导致畸形的机制，并解释毒性和致畸性的潜在原因。本章描述了在 X. laevis 的早期胚胎发育过程中分析改良-FETAX 和一些解毒和氧化应激相关生物标志物的方法。
