Khalili Ehsan, Daversin-Catty Cécile, Olivares Andy L, Mill Jordi, Camara Oscar, Valen-Sendstad Kristian
Department of Computational Physiology, Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.
Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. 2024 Apr;40(4):e3804. doi: 10.1002/cnm.3804. Epub 2024 Jan 29.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies of left atrial flows have reached a sophisticated level, for example, revealing plausible relationships between hemodynamics and stresses with atrial fibrillation. However, little focus has been on fundamental fluid modeling of LA flows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal convergence, along with the differences between high- (HR) versus normal-resolution/accuracy (NR) solution strategies, respectively. Rigid wall CFD simulations were conducted on 12 patient-specific left atrial geometries obtained from computed tomography scans, utilizing a second-order accurate and space/time-centered solver. The convergence studies showed an average variability of around 30% and 55% for time averaged wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP), even between intermediate spatial and temporal resolutions, in the left atrium (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA), respectively. The comparison between HR and NR simulations showed good correlation in the LA for WSS, RRT, and ECAP ( ), but not for OSI ( ). However, there were poor correlations in the LAA especially for OSI, RRT, and ECAP ( .55, .63, and .61, respectively), except for WSS ( ). The errors are comparable to differences previously reported with disease correlations. To robustly predict atrial hemodynamics and stresses, numerical resolutions of 10 M elements (i.e., .5 mm) and 10 k time-steps per cycle seem necessary (i.e., one order of magnitude higher than normally used in both space and time). In conclusion, attention to fundamental numerical aspects is essential toward establishing a plausible, robust, and reliable model of LA flows.
对左心房血流的计算流体动力学(CFD)研究已达到了一个复杂的水平,例如,揭示了血流动力学和应力与心房颤动之间看似合理的关系。然而,对左心房血流的基本流体建模关注较少。本研究的目的是分别研究时空收敛性,以及高分辨率(HR)与正常分辨率/精度(NR)求解策略之间的差异。利用二阶精度且时空中心求解器,对从计算机断层扫描获得的12个患者特异性左心房几何模型进行了刚性壁CFD模拟。收敛性研究表明,即使在中等空间和时间分辨率之间,左心房(LA)和左心耳(LAA)中时间平均壁面剪应力(WSS)、振荡剪应力指数(OSI)、相对停留时间(RRT)和内皮细胞活化潜能(ECAP)的平均变异性分别约为30%和55%。HR和NR模拟之间的比较表明,在左心房中,WSS、RRT和ECAP具有良好的相关性( ),但OSI不具有良好相关性( )。然而,在左心耳中,相关性较差,尤其是OSI、RRT和ECAP(分别为.55、.63和.61),WSS除外( )。这些误差与先前报道的疾病相关性差异相当。为了可靠地预测心房血流动力学和应力,似乎需要1000万个单元(即.5毫米)的数值分辨率和每个周期10000个时间步长(即比通常在空间和时间上使用的分辨率高一个数量级)。总之,关注基本数值方面对于建立一个合理、稳健和可靠的左心房血流模型至关重要。
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