Zilanawala Afshin, Bécares Laia, Benner Aprile
University College London (UCL), UK and Oregon State University, USA.
University of Sussex, UK.
Demogr Res. 2019 Jan-Jun;40:121-154. doi: 10.4054/demres.2019.40.6. Epub 2019 Jan 23.
Comparative literature investigating race/ethnic patterning of children's health has found racial/ethnic minority status to be linked to health disadvantages. Less is known about differences during early adolescence, a period during which health outcomes are linked to later life health.
Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 10,188) and the US Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten Cohort (n ~ 6,950), we examine differences in socioemotional and cognitive development among 11-year-old adolescents and the contribution of family resources in explaining any observed differences, including socioeconomic, cultural traditions, and psychosocial resources.
Adverse socioemotional health and cognitive development were associated with race/ethnic minority status in both countries. In the United States, we found that cultural resources and family socioeconomic capital played a large role in attenuating differences in problem behaviors between Asian American, Black, and Latino adolescents and their White peers. In the United Kingdom, the explanatory factors explaining differences in problem behaviors varied by racial/ethnic group. In both contexts, family resources cannot explain the sizable cross-country differences in verbal skills. In the United Kingdom, Indian adolescents had nearly one-third of a standard deviation increase in their verbal scores whereas in the United States, Black and Latino adolescents had scores nearly two-fifths and one-fifth of a standard deviation below the mean, respectively.
We use a detailed race/ethnic classification in the investigation of racial/ethnic inequalities across the United States and United Kingdom. There are strong family resource effects, suggesting that relative family advantages and disadvantages do have meaningful associations with adolescent socioemotional and cognitive development. Although levels of resources do explain some cross-national differences, there appears to be a broader range of family background variables in the United Kingdom that influence adolescent development. Our findings point to the critical role of both the extent and nature of family social capital in affecting adolescent development.
比较文学研究儿童健康的种族/族裔模式发现，种族/族裔少数群体地位与健康劣势相关。对于青春期早期的差异了解较少，这一时期的健康结果与晚年健康相关。
利用英国千禧队列研究（n = 10188）和美国早期儿童纵向调查 - 幼儿园队列（n≈6950），我们研究了11岁青少年在社会情感和认知发展方面的差异以及家庭资源在解释任何观察到的差异中的作用，包括社会经济、文化传统和心理社会资源。
在这两个国家，不良的社会情感健康和认知发展都与种族/族裔少数群体地位相关。在美国，我们发现文化资源和家庭社会经济资本在减轻亚裔美国人、黑人和拉丁裔青少年与其白人同龄人之间问题行为的差异方面发挥了很大作用。在英国，解释问题行为差异的因素因种族/族裔群体而异。在这两种情况下，家庭资源都无法解释语言技能方面相当大的跨国差异。在英国，印度青少年的语言分数增加了近三分之一标准差，而在美国，黑人和拉丁裔青少年的分数分别比平均水平低近五分之二和五分之一标准差。
我们在美国和英国的种族/族裔不平等调查中使用了详细的种族/族裔分类。存在强大的家庭资源效应，这表明家庭的相对优势和劣势确实与青少年的社会情感和认知发展有有意义的关联。虽然资源水平确实解释了一些跨国差异，但在英国似乎有更广泛的家庭背景变量影响青少年发展。我们的研究结果指出了家庭社会资本的程度和性质在影响青少年发展方面的关键作用。
