Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China.
Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, P. R. China.
J Mater Chem B. 2024 Feb 14;12(7):1706-1729. doi: 10.1039/d3tb01900d.
Uncontrolled hemorrhage results in various complications and is currently the leading cause of death in the general population. Traditional hemostatic methods have drawbacks that may lead to ineffective hemostasis and even the risk of secondary injury. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective hemostatic techniques. Polymeric hemostatic materials, particularly hydrogels, are ideal due to their biocompatibility, flexibility, absorption, and versatility. Functional hemostatic hydrogels can enhance hemostasis by creating physical circumstances conducive to hemostasis or by directly interfering with the physiological processes of hemostasis. The procoagulant principles include increasing the concentration of localized hemostatic substances or establishing a physical barrier at the physical level and intervention in blood cells or the coagulation cascade at the physiological level. Moreover, synergistic hemostasis can combine these functions. However, some hydrogels are ineffective in promoting hemostasis or have a limited application scope. These defects have impeded the advancement of hemostatic hydrogels. To provide inspiration and resources for new designs, this review provides an overview of the procoagulant principles of hemostatic hydrogels. We also discuss the challenges in developing effective hemostatic hydrogels and provide viewpoints.
失控性出血会导致各种并发症，目前是普通人群死亡的主要原因。传统的止血方法存在缺陷，可能导致止血无效，甚至存在二次损伤的风险。因此，非常需要更有效的止血技术。聚合止血材料，特别是水凝胶，由于其生物相容性、柔韧性、吸收性和多功能性，是理想的选择。功能性止血水凝胶可以通过创造有利于止血的物理环境或直接干扰止血的生理过程来增强止血效果。促凝原理包括增加局部止血物质的浓度或在物理水平上建立物理屏障，以及在生理水平上干预血细胞或凝血级联。此外，协同止血可以结合这些功能。然而，一些水凝胶在促进止血方面无效或应用范围有限。这些缺陷阻碍了止血水凝胶的发展。为了为新设计提供灵感和资源，本综述概述了止血水凝胶的促凝原理。我们还讨论了开发有效止血水凝胶所面临的挑战，并提供了一些观点。
